Глава XXXVII. Об однородном и принадлежащем к одному и тому же виду, о разнородном, разновидном и различающемся числом

Homogeneous objects are those that fall under the same category [for example, a person and a horse]. Those objects that are under different categories [for example, animal and knowledge] are heterogeneous, for these objects differ from each other in kind. The same type includes those objects that are subordinate to the same type and have a common definition of essence, for example: Peter and Paul. Diversely visible are those objects that differ from each other in appearance, i.e. those that differ in the definition of the entity, for example: man, horse. The number distinguishes those objects, the property (ιδιοτης) of the hypostasis of which is determined through a combination of accidents and which have received independent existence, i.e. individuals like Peter and Paul and each of the people. In all heterogeneous objects, the differences are different in terms of type, for example, the differences between an animal and knowledge. In fact, the animal is subordinated to the category of substance, and knowledge is subordinate to the category of quality. In an animal, the differences form: animation, sensitivity; separating: rational, unreasonable, winged, earthly, water. Knowledge has forming differences: belonging to animate and rational beings, as well as immutability; dividing: grammar, philosophy. To which category the genus belongs, the species and the variety of this species also belong to the same category. But as for the subordinate genera and species, nothing prevents them from having the same differences, although not all of them, for example: for an animal it is impossible to produce a non-animal. By varieties here I mean those which form genera and species. You should know that each of the nine categories - not counting substances - although it is an accident, nevertheless has formative and dividing differences; each (ἑκαστη, not ἑκαστηι) of these is the highest genus and has species, subordinate genera, and the lowest species. For it is certain that where there is a genus, there are also species and dividing differences, since it is the latter that divides the genus into species. Just as where there are species, there are the forming differences, for they form the species. The name "one" (το εν) is used in three senses: or in relation to the genus; for example, from the side of the genus, a person and a horse are one and the same, for they are subordinate to the same genus - animal. Or in relation to the species: so we say that Socrates and Plato, belonging to the same species - man, from the aspect of the species are one and the same. Or in relation to number: for example, about Socrates we say that in himself he is one, different from other people. You might be interested in: