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Know, O man, the Giver. Remember yourself, who you are, what you are assigned to, from whom you received this [wealth], for which you are preferred to many. You are a servant of the good God; overseer of slaves like you: do not think that everything is prepared for your belly; talk about what is in your hands as if it were someone else’s. It will not amuse you for long, then it will flow away and disappear; but you will be required to give a strict account of this. And you keep everything locked up, behind doors and bars, and, having applied seals, do not sleep from worries, and think with yourself, listening to a crazy adviser - yourself (1). Imitate the earth, man: bear fruit like it, so that you do not turn out to be worse than the inanimate (earth). She grew the fruit not for her own pleasure, but for your service. And if you show the fruit of charity, you will collect it for yourself; because the benefit of good deeds returns to the givers. Have you given to the hungry? And what you give comes back to you incrementally. Just as a grain of grain, falling into the ground, turns into profit for the one who threw it, so bread, thrown down to the hungry, subsequently brings a hundredfold benefit. Therefore, let the end of agriculture be for you the beginning of heavenly sowing; for it is said: sow to yourselves in righteousness (Hos. 10:12). Why are you worried? Why do you torment yourself, trying to enclose your wealth in clay and brick? A good name is better than great wealth (Prov. 22:1). And if you respect money for the honor received for its sake, then see how much more advantageous in terms of fame it is to be called the father of thousands of children than to have thousands of coins in your wallet. You will leave your money here, no matter what, but you will bring the glory of your good deeds with you to the Lord, when before the common Judge a whole people will surround you, and they will call you their feeder, their benefactor, and will begin to attribute to you all the names of love for mankind. Do you not see that at spectacles, for the sake of short-term honor, for the sake of popular shouts and applause, wealth is spent on wrestlers, on jesters and on people fighting with animals, which others would disdain to even look at? And you are stingy with expenses when you can achieve such fame! God will praise, the Angels will rejoice, all people, no matter how many there have been since the creation of the world, will please. Eternal glory, the crown of righteousness, and the Kingdom of Heaven will be your reward for the good management of this perishable property. But you don't care about any of this; Trying to take care of the present, you despise the expected. So assign wealth to various uses, providing splendor and glory as expenses for those in need. Let it be said about you: he was lavish: he gave to the needy; his righteousness endures forever (Ps. 111:9). Don't be expensive by raising your price in times of need; Do not wait until there is a shortage of grain before opening your barns, for whoever withholds grain will be cursed by the people (Prov. 11:26). Do not expect hunger for gold, nor general poverty for your own abundance. Do not deal with 9 human disasters; Do not turn God’s wrath into an opportunity to increase your money. Do not tear the wounds of those who are beaten with whips (1). Listen to me and, having opened all the doors of your treasuries, give wealth an unhindered exit; as if to the great river, which through thousands of channels irrigates the abundant land, let you also let wealth flow into the homes of the poor in various ways! In wells, through scooping, the water becomes better; and if the wells are neglected, then the water in them rots, and the stagnation of wealth is useless, but its movement and transfer from hand to hand is generally useful and fruitful. How much praise from those who have been blessed! And don't despise them. What a reward from the righteous Judge! And don't doubt her. Let the example of the condemned rich man be before you everywhere (see Luke 12:16–20), who, guarding the present, worrying about the expected and not knowing for sure whether he will live tomorrow, is already sinning today and tomorrow (1). It is not for the sake of clothing or for the sake of food that many desire wealth; on the contrary, the devil came up with some cunning way of causing thousands of expenses to the rich; Therefore, they strive for the superfluous and useless, as if it were something necessary - and everything is not enough for them for the expenses they come up with. They divide wealth into present needs and future needs: they set aside part for themselves and part for children; then this is divided to cover various expenses. Listen to what their orders are: this part, they say, will be used, and this part will be put aside in reserve; and let the portion allocated to cover needs exceed the limits of necessity; this will be used for household expenses, and this will be used to show off to people; this will make for pomp on the road, and this will ensure that, even while sitting at home, you can live a bright and noble life. And I can only marvel at such an invention of excess. They have thousands of chariots: some carry all sorts of junk, others, covered with gold and silver, they drive themselves. They have many horses, and they, like people, trace their genealogies according to the birth of their fathers: some carry them while walking around the city, others take part in hunting with them, others are ridden for the road. Bridles, girths, collars - all silver, all sprinkled with gold; scarlet blankets adorn the horses as grooms. They have many mules, divided according to color; Their charioteers replace each other, some in front, others behind. They have an innumerable number of other household servants, so that they can make every kind of pomp: stewards, housekeepers, cultivators trained in every craft, both necessary and invented for pleasure and luxury, cooks, bakers, butlers, hunters, sculptors, painters, founders of pleasures of all kinds. They have herds of camels, sometimes carrying loads, sometimes grazing, herds of horses, herds of bulls, sheep and pigs; they have their shepherds with them; They have their own land, sufficient to feed all this (livestock) and also increasing their wealth with the income received from it. They have baths in the city, baths in their dachas. The houses shine with marbles of all kinds - one of Phrygian stone, another of Lacedaemonian or Thessalian slab; and some houses are warm in winter, others are cool in summer; the floors are dotted with multi-colored stones, the ceilings are gilded; Where there is no marble on the walls, it is decorated with picturesque flowers. And when, after being divided into countless expenses, wealth still remains in abundance, it is put in the ground, stored in secret places, because the future is unknown, lest some unexpected needs befall us. It is not known for sure whether you will need the buried gold, but the punishment for inhumane morals is not known. When, despite countless inventions, you could not squander your wealth, then you hid it in the ground. It’s terrible madness to dig into the ground while the gold is still in the mine, and when it’s taken out, hide it in the ground again! And then, I think, it also happens that when you bury wealth, you bury your heart along with it. For it is said: where your treasure is, there... is your heart (Matthew 6:21). That is why the commandments are difficult (for such people); for they make their own lives miserable by being busy with useless expenses. And it seems to me that the passion of this young man and others like him is as if some traveler, with a strong desire to see the city, tirelessly reached this city itself, then stopped at some hotel under the city walls out of laziness to make a short transition, turning the previous work into nothing and depriving himself of the opportunity to see the beauty of the city. Such are also those who, it is true, undertake to do something different, but do not agree to give up their property. I know many who fast, pray, sigh, and show every kind of unprofitable reverence, but do not give a single obol to those who are oppressed by need. What benefit do other virtues have for them? The Kingdom of God does not accept them. Therefore it is said: it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of Heaven (Luke 18:25). But although the verdict is so clear and the One who spoke is not deceitful, there are few who are convinced. They say: “How will we live, leaving everything behind? What form will life take if everyone starts selling, everyone gives up their property?” (see Luke 18:22). Do not ask me for the understanding of the Lord’s commandments; The legislator knows how to bring the possibility (of its execution) into conformity with the law. And your heart is tested, as if on a scale, where it is inclined, whether towards true life or towards real pleasures. Those who reason sensibly should adhere to the idea that we can use wealth as an accessory, and not as those who have the right to enjoy it. And those who refuse it should rejoice, like those who give up someone else’s property, and not be upset, like those who are deprived of property. Why are you grieving? Why do you mourn in your soul when you hear: sell your possessions (Matthew 19:31)? If it followed you even into the future life, then you would not have to be so attached to it, because it is overshadowed by the honors there. And if he needs to stay here, then why not sell it and take the profit from it with him? But you, giving away gold and acquiring a horse, do not lose heart, but when you give up perishable things and receive in return the Kingdom of Heaven, you shed tears, refuse the one asking, renounce alms, inventing thousands of excuses for expenses. What will you answer to the Judge - you, who clothe walls with fabrics, but do not clothe a person; you remove the horses, but look indifferently at your brother, dressed disgustingly; you let the wheat rot and do not feed the hungry; Do you bury gold in the ground and ignore the oppressed? And if your partner is a rich woman, then it is a double disease. And she inflames whims, and increases voluptuousness, and irritates vain desires, inventing some kind of stones - pearls, emeralds, yachts, using gold, sometimes forged, sometimes woven, and intensifying the disease with stupidities of all kinds, because women do not do this casually, but spend days and nights worrying about it. And thousands of some kind of caresses, catering to their wishes, bring dyers, silversmiths, world makers, weavers, printmakers. She doesn’t let her husband breathe for a minute, tormenting him with her incessant orders. No wealth will be used to satisfy women's wishes, even if it flows in rivers; when they want to have myrrh brought from the barbarians, like oil from the market, sea flowers, shells, sea feathers, and in greater quantities than sheep’s wool. And gold, serving as a setting for precious stones, forms a decoration on their foreheads, then on their necks, then in their belts, or binds their arms and legs. For gold-loving women are pleased to wear shackles on their hands, as long as they are bound by gold. Therefore, when should a man who serves women’s wishes take care of the soul? Just as fragile ships sink from storms and bad weather, so the weak souls of their cohabitants perish from the evil inclinations of wives. And wealth, squandered on so many items by both husband and wife, who surpass each other in inventing vain expenses, naturally no longer has any opportunity to pass on to strangers. If you hear: sell your property and give it to the poor in order to have a path to eternal bliss, you go away with sadness. If they say: give the money to luxurious women, give it to stonemasons, carpenters, mosaics, painters, you rejoice as one who acquires something more precious than money (1). Look, man, at the nature of wealth. What surprises you so much about gold? Gold is a stone, silver is a stone, pearl is a stone, stone and any of the stones: chrysolite, beryl, agate, yakhont, amethyst, jasper. These are flowers of wealth, some of them you put in secrecy, covering the most transparent stones with darkness, and some you wear on yourself, vainly boasting of the shine of these jewels. Tell me: what is the use for you to twirl your hand, shining with stones? Are you not ashamed, like women during pregnancy, to whimsically desire stones? Just as they gnaw at stones, so you are greedy for these colored stones, looking for sardonyx, jasper, and amethyst. What dress lover could add at least one day to his life? Has death spared anyone for the sake of wealth? Has anyone escaped illness for the sake of money? How long will gold be a snare for souls, a milk of death, a bait of sin? How long can wealth serve as a pretext for wars, for which weapons are forged and swords are sharpened? For his sake, relatives do not know natural ties, brothers look at each other with murder. For the sake of wealth, the desert harbors murderers, the sea harbors robbers, and cities breed sneakers. Who is the father of lies? Who is the culprit behind false signatures? Who gave birth to perjury? Isn't it wealth? Is it not striving for wealth? What's happening to you people? Who turned your property into a means to catch you? The property was given to you as an aid to life, and not as a path to evil, for the redemption of the soul, and not as a reason for death. “But wealth is necessary for children.” This is a plausible excuse for covetousness; You refer to children, but satisfy your own heart. Don't blame the innocent; he has his own Lord, his own House-Builder; from another he received life, from Him he expects the means of life. Aren't the Gospels written for married people? If you want to be perfect... sell your possessions and give to the poor (Matthew 19:21). Was it possible that when you asked the Lord for good fortune, when you prayed to be the father of children, you added this in your prayers: give me children to obey your 11 commandments; give me children so as not to reach the Kingdom of Heaven? Who will be the guarantor for the will of the son, that he will use this as it should? Wealth has led many to debauchery. Do you not hear what Ecclesiastes says: I saw a great and terrible illness: wealth saved by its owner to his detriment (Eccl. 5:12); and one more thing: I must leave it to the person who will come after me. And who knows: will he be wise or foolish? (Eccl. 2:18, 19). So, take care that you, having collected wealth with much labor, do not prepare for others the means for sins and then suffer double punishment: both for the fact that you yourself committed a lie, and for the fact that you provided another with the means to do so. Isn't your soul closer to all children? Isn't it closer to you than everything else? Give her the best part of the inheritance first, provide her with rich means of living, and then distribute the estate to the children. Children, without inheriting anything from their parents, often made their own homes; but who will take pity on the soul if it is abandoned by you? Until now, what has been said has been said to the fathers. What plausible reason for frugality does the childless present to us? “I don’t sell my property, I don’t give to the poor because of the necessary needs in life!” Therefore, the Lord is not your Teacher; The Gospel is not the rule for your life. But you give yourself laws. Look at the danger you are running into by reasoning like this! If the Lord has prescribed this to us as necessary, but you reject it as impossible, then you are not asserting anything else, but that you are more intelligent than the Lawgiver. “But having enjoyed wealth throughout my life, after death I will make the poor heirs of my estate, declaring them in writing and in wills the owners of all mine.” When you are no longer among people, then you will become philanthropic. When I see you dead, then I will call you a brotherly lover. Great gratitude to you for your generosity, that, lying in the tomb and resolved into the ground, you became generous with expenses and magnanimous! Tell me, for what time will you demand a reward? During life or after death? But while you were alive, spending your life on pleasure, immersing yourself in luxury, you couldn’t bear to even look at the poor; What kind of activity does the deceased have? To what reward are his actions entitled? Show your deeds and demand retribution. Nobody trades when the bargaining is over; no one is crowned if he came after the end of the struggle; no one shows his courage after battle. Therefore, as is obvious, it is impossible to become pious even after life. You promise to do charity in ink and writing. And who will tell you the time of departure? Who can guarantee what kind of death will be? How many people were snatched from life in violent fits, so that they could not utter a single word from suffering? How many have fever made them without control of their minds? Why are you waiting for a time when, as often happens, you will not be the Master of your thoughts? It’s late at night, there’s a serious illness, and there’s no helper; he who plans an inheritance is ready, has arranged everything in his favor, and makes your intentions unfulfillable. Then, looking back and forth and seeing the emptiness surrounding you, you will finally feel your recklessness, then you will sigh about your foolishness for putting off fulfilling the commandment until such a time, when your tongue weakens, and your trembling hand is shaking from the dying tremors, and you cannot declare your will either in words or in writing. Yes, even if everything is clearly written and every word is spoken separately, one inserted letter is enough to change your order; one false seal, two or three unrighteous witnesses can transfer the entire inheritance to others. Why are you deceiving yourself? Now you mismanage your wealth for carnal pleasures, and later you promise something over which you will no longer be Master. Bad, as the word showed, is your intention. While I am alive, I will enjoy pleasures, and when I die, I will fulfill what is commanded. And Abraham will say to you: you have already received your good things in your life (Luke 16:25). The narrow and cramped path does not accept you, who have not laid aside the burden of wealth; you went, carrying it on yourself, and not throwing it off, as you were ordered. During your life you preferred the commandments, but after death and destruction you preferred the commandment to your enemies; You say, so that so and so doesn’t get it, let the Lord take it. What can we call this: vengeance on enemies or love for one’s neighbor? Read your will. “I wish I could live a little longer and enjoy my property.” Gratitude is to death, not to you: if you were immortal, you would not remember the commandments. Do not be deceived: God is not mocked (Gal. 6:7). The dead are not brought to the altar: offer a living sacrifice. Whoever brings excess is not accepted; and you bring what is left in abundance after your whole life to the Benefactor. If you don’t dare treat famous people with the leftovers of a meal, then how dare you appease God with the leftovers? You see, rich people, the end of the love of wealth and stop being addicted to possessions. The more you love wealth, the more do not leave anything of your property. Make everything your own; Take everything with you, do not leave wealth to strangers. It may be that your family will not clothe you with the latest decoration, but will refuse burial, showing their favor to your heirs. Or they will then begin to speculate to your disadvantage and say: it is stupid to dress up a dead person and at great expense to bury someone who no longer feels anything. Isn’t it better for those who remain to dress up in expensive and brilliant clothes, rather than let valuable clothes rot with the dead? What is the use of a magnificent monument, a rich burial, or fruitless expense? The rest must be used for the necessities of life. This is what they will say in order to take revenge on you for your intolerable actions, and to serve your heirs with your estate. Therefore, first perform a burial over yourself; and a beautiful burial - piety. Depart from here, having put on everything; turn wealth into your own decoration, have it with you. Trust the wonderful Counselor, who loved you, Christ, who for our sake became poor, so that we through His poverty might become rich (2 Cor. 8:9), who gave Himself for our deliverance (1 Tim. 2:6) (1). Let the worshipers of covetousness, who accumulate riches to the point of abundance, show what power or benefit their treasures have if an angry God prolongs the punishment even longer! Soon those who hoard it will become yellower than gold if they do not have bread, which was despised yesterday and today for the convenience of having it in abundance. Imagine that there is no one selling, that there is no bread in the granaries. What is the use of heavy bags of money then? Tell me: will you not be buried in the ground with them? Isn't earth gold? Will not useless clay 13 lie next to the clay - the body? You have acquired everything, but you do not have one thing necessary - the ability to feed yourself. From all your wealth, make at least one cloud, figure out a way to produce a few raindrops, motivate the earth to fertility, end the disaster with your proud and majestic wealth. Perhaps you will call upon one of the reverent men for help, so that through his prayers, like Elijah the Tishbite, a poor man, who has neither property, nor shoes, nor a home, nor a warm corner, nor other benefits of life, will grant you relief from disasters, covered with one tunic, like Elijah with a mantle, 14 a student of prayer, a table-fellow of abstinence. And if you receive the help you ask from such a person, won’t you then laugh at wealth, which requires many worries? Wouldn't you spit on gold? And silver, which you previously called omnipotent and all-loving, will you not throw it away as uncleanness, having learned that it is a weak helper in need? (1) If someone has long been caught: either he has collected the dust of wealth for himself by untruth and has tied his mind with worries about it, or has denigrated his nature with the indelible filth of lust, or has been filled with other wines, then, while there is still time, before he reaches complete destruction, let him lay down most of the burdens, and, before sinking the boat, let him throw away from his cargo that he collected illegally, and let him imitate maritime industrialists. If they happen to carry what they need on a ship, but a strong swell arises at sea, and the ship, overwhelmed by the cargo, threatens to sink, they remove most of the weight as quickly as possible and throw the goods into the sea without mercy, so that the ship can sail above the waves and, if possible, save soul and body from danger. And we, of course, need to think about this and do it much more than they do. If they lose anything, they lose it at that very moment, and they are already surrounded by the adversities of poverty. And the more we reduce the evil burden, the more and better we accumulate wealth for souls; because fornication and everything like that, if cast off, perish, and what is destroyed by tears turns into nothing, but holiness and righteousness take their place - light things, never flooded by any waves. And the property, beautifully torn up, does not perish for those who tore it up and threw it away, but as if transferred to some other reliable ships, that is, into the wombs of the poor, they are saved and reach the piers, and those who cast them out are considered an ornament, not a danger. So, beloved, let us set a humane definition for ourselves, and if we want to turn the burden of wealth into our own profit, we will divide it among many, and they will gladly bear it and place it for safekeeping in the depths of the Master - in these safe treasuries, where neither moth... destroys, nor robbers break in and steal (Matthew 6:20). Let us give freedom to wealth when it wants to overflow to those in need. Let us not pass by the Lazarus, who even now lie before our eyes, we will not spare the grains from our meal sufficient to satisfy them, we will not imitate this hard-hearted rich man and we will not go with him into the same hellfire. Otherwise, we will then beg Abraham a lot, we will beg each of those who lived beautifully, but there will be no benefit to us from crying, for a brother will not deliver, will a person deliver at all (Ps. 48:8)? Each of them will tell us loudly: “Do not seek philanthropy, which you yourself did not know for others, do not think of getting so much, you, who stinted on less, enjoy what you have collected in life. Weep now: because you did not have mercy on your brother then, seeing him cry.” This is what they will tell us, and they will tell us rightly! But I’m afraid that they will strike us with even more bitter words, because we, as you yourself know, are superior to this rich man in guile. It is not because we are completely stingy with wealth that we pass by the brothers lying on the ground, not because we protect the property for children or other relatives, we block our hearing when they ask us, on the contrary, we squander it on the worst and turn our generosity to encourage the vice of people devoted to it. Many people have so many husbands and wives at their table! Some amuse the giver of the feast with shameful words, others ignite the fire of intemperance with immodest glances and body movements, others try to make the one who called laugh with caustic jokes at each other, while others deceive him with false praises. And they do not receive the only benefit that they are treated sumptuously, but they leave with their hands full of all kinds of gifts and learn through us that it is much more useful for them to indulge in deeds like these, and to practice in them, and not in virtues. And if a beggar stands in front of us, who can barely speak from hunger, we turn away from the one who is of the same nature as us, we abhor him, hastily run away, as if fearing that by walking more slowly we will become participants in the same disaster. And if he, ashamed of his misfortune, lowers his gaze to the ground, we say that he trades in hypocrisy. If, forced by severe hunger, he looks at us boldly, we call him shameless and insolent. If, by chance, he is covered with strong clothing that someone gave him, we drive him away from us as if he were insatiable, and we swear that his poverty is feigned. And if he is covered with rotten rags, we are again driven away for the stench, and although he adds the name of the Creator to his requests, although he constantly conjures that we too should be subjected to similar suffering, he cannot in any way change our merciless decision. For this reason I am afraid of the gravest fire of Gehenna in comparison with that rich man (1). If others have collected a countless amount of gold in this life, it does not remain their property forever, but either during their lifetime, no matter how tightly they lock it away from everywhere, it slips away, passing to the strongest, or it leaves them at death and does not want to follow its owners. On the contrary, they, drawn along the necessary path by One who forcibly separates the soul from this pitiful body, often turning their eyes to money, mourn the labors spent on them from their youth; and wealth looks into the hands of others, imprinting on them only traces of fatigue during gathering and reproach for covetousness. And if someone acquired thousands of acres of land, magnificent houses, herds of animals of all kinds, was invested with people with all kinds of dominion, then he would not enjoy it for a century, but, having briefly benefited from this eminence, he would again cede his wealth to others, covering himself with a small amount of land, and often even to the grave, before his relocation from here, he would see that his property was transferred to others, and, perhaps, to enemies. Do we really not know how many fields, how many houses, how many peoples and cities, during the lifetime of their owners, were clothed in the names of other owners? (1) Those who have transgressed the limits of their needs, like those rushing down a slope, having nothing in front of them to hold on to, do not stop anywhere in their striving forward, but the more they stretch forward, the more to satisfy their desires they need something equal to the previous one or even more, according to the saying of Exikestidov’s son, Solon 15, who says: “People have no obvious limit in wealth.” In this regard, you need to take Theognis 16 as your teacher, who says: “I don’t like and don’t desire riches, but just to live small, without encountering anything bad.” And I marvel at the contempt for everything human in Diogenes, who proved that he was richer than the great king, because he had fewer needs in life. But for us, if we don’t have the same number of talents as Pythias of Mysia, don’t have so many acres of land, don’t have herds of cattle that couldn’t even be counted, we still don’t have enough. But I think that when there is no wealth, you should not desire it, and when you have it, you should think not about whether you have it, but about whether you know how to dispose of it. A wonderful saying is from Socrates 17, who said about a certain rich man who thought highly of money that he would not be surprised before he found out whether he knew how to use it. Phidias and Polykleitos, if they began to extol themselves a lot about gold and ivory, from which the first made Diya to the Ilians, and the other Iru to the Argives, 18 they would have been ridiculed for the fact that, boasting of other people's wealth, they left aside art, from which gold became more pleasant and more precious. And we, assuming that human virtue in itself is insufficient for decoration, think about our action that it is less shameful! (1) The rich have become poor and hungry, but those who seek the Lord will not be deprived of any good (Ps. 33:11). This word also teaches us contempt for material wealth, showing the fragility of abundance in property. For wealth is not constant and, like a wave driven by the force of the winds, usually flows here and there... (2) The all-perfect good is God himself, of whom all who seek Him will not be deprived. If someone is ignorant, has a unclear concept of good and evil, then let him not call good the one who finds pleasure in the temporary, which passes with the destruction of the body. For whoever elevates material wealth and carnal advantages to the level of goods, assigns to lowly and undeserving things a name that is venerable and befitting of God alone, and at the same time falls into the grossest contradiction. For either I must say that the apostles did not receive bodily benefits because they did not seek the Lord, or, if they did seek them, they did not have such benefits, I must blame Scripture itself, which says that those who seek the Lord will not be deprived of any good. On the contrary, the saints sought the Lord, and were not left without the understanding of what they sought, and did not lose the blessings prepared for eternal rest. For one can say about them in the proper sense: no good, because bodily pleasures contain more painful than pleasant; marriage is childlessness, widowhood is corruption; agriculture - infertility; trade – shipwrecks; wealth - intrigues; luxury is satiety, and frequent pleasures are all kinds of illnesses and many types of passions. Paul sought the Lord and was not deprived of any good, but who can count the bodily sorrows in which he spent his entire life? Three times I was beaten with sticks, once I was stoned, three times I was shipwrecked, I spent a night and a day in the depths of the sea; I traveled many times... in labor and exhaustion, often in vigils, in hunger and thirst, often in fasting, in cold and nakedness (2 Cor. 11:25-27). So what? A man who until the last hour was hungry and thirsty, endured nakedness and suffering, was he really not deprived of bodily blessings? Therefore, raise your thought to the true good, so that you understand the agreement of Scripture, and do not confuse yourself with the reciprocity of concepts (2). Don’t mess around - don’t profit, don’t take advantage. Disobedience – disobedience, violation. Clay is loose clay, mud. Milk is the skin of an animal. Solon (c. 640–560 BC) was an Athenian politician and poet from a noble but impoverished family. Theognis (approximately the 2nd half of the 6th century BC) is a Greek poet from Megara, who comes from an old aristocratic family. The author of "Elegies", in which he tells his young friend about the moral principles of aristocrats. Socrates (470–399 BC) – Greek philosopher. Lived in Athens. Socrates was concerned only with the moral education of citizens. He believed that philosophy is called upon to improve man, since right actions are conditioned by true knowledge, and virtue can be cultivated. Phidias is an outstanding ancient Greek sculptor of the high classical period of the 5th century. BC Worked in Athens, Delphi, Olympia. The Ilians are the inhabitants of Ilion, an Aeolian colony near the city of Troy. Diy - Zeus. Polykleitos is an ancient Greek sculptor of the 2nd half of the 5th century. BC Worked in Athens, Ephesus, Olympia, Argos. In Argos (Argives) he created a cult image of the Goddess Hera (Ira) from gold and ivory. You might be interested in: