Примечания

Possessed of a deep intellect and versatile education, Saint Theophan the Recluse not only set an example of personal achievement, but also left behind a rich literary heritage, in which he captured the fruits of spiritual experience. He can rightly be called an experienced church teacher of Christian morality, who expressed his thoughts and convictions in the depths of his soul. In all his sermons, letters and even interpretations, the common idea is salvation. For the 200th anniversary of the birth of St. Theophan, with the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia, the Publishing Council of the Russian Orthodox Church is preparing a 40-volume Complete Collection of the Works of Theophan the Recluse. This collection mainly includes his sermons, letters, thoughts for every day of the year on church readings from the Word of God, in which Saint Theophan drew attention to the peculiarities of the salvation of a particular person in the context of public life. The spelling has been largely changed in accordance with modern spelling rules. Compiler references are given in the Notes. The text of the preface is written on the basis of previous joint publications by A.D. Kaplina with G.V. Goncharov. Words, sermons, asceticism According to the conviction of His Eminence Theophan, the teaching word of the Church should be a constant gospel of the paths of spiritual perfection. Saint Theophan considered the work of preaching in the pastoral ministry to be “an obligation predetermined for him from above.” For him, a sermon is “sacred words.” “The word is a powerful means of helping one’s neighbor,” he said, “in it the soul comes out and, combining with another, gives him strength.” Saint Theophan was a tireless preacher. His words, speeches, sermons, mostly aimed at revealing moral truths, differ little in spirit and tone from his moralizing works. Some of them were included entirely in various works of Bishop Theophan on moral theology. Usually printed at first in periodic editions, the sermons of the Right Reverend Theophan were then compiled into several collections. The first collection was published by the rector of Archimandrite Theophan at the St. Petersburg Academy under the title: “Words of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy by the rector of Archimandrite Theophan” (St. Petersburg, 1859). This included sermons directed primarily against the unfavorable trends of the spirit of the time. The second collection is “Words to the Tambov flock of Feofan, Bishop of Tambov and Shatsky.” The first issue was published in St. Petersburg in 1861 (63 sermons from 1859–1860), the second issue in Moscow in 1867 (47 sermons from 1861–1863). The sermons of the Vladimir period of Bishop Theophan's ministry were compiled in the collection “Words to the Vladimir flock of the Right Reverend Theophan” (Vladimir, 1869). Then more collections of sermons were published on various topics and subjects (these sermons were already included in the above-mentioned collections): About Orthodoxy with warnings against sins against it (from Words to Tamb. and Vladimir flocks) / Athos. Rus. Panteleimon Monastery. – M.: Tipo-lit. I. Efimova, 1893. – 202, 11 p. Godly life in general: Words of Bishop. Feofana (from Words to the Tambian and Vladimir flocks, 1859–1866) / Athos. Rus. Panteleimon Monastery. – M.: Tipo-lit. I. Efimova, 1893. – 108, [1] p. For different occasions: Words from Bishop. Feofana (from Words to the Tambian and Vladimir flocks, 1859, 1861, 1867 and 1869) / Athos. Rus. Panteleimon Monastery. – M.: Tipo-lit. I. Efimova, 1893. – 58, [1] p. Our relationship to churches: Words of Bishop. Feofana (from Words to the Tambian and Vladimir flocks, 1859, 1861, 1867 and 1869) / Athos. Rus. Panteleimon Monastery. – M.: Tipo-lit. I. Efimova, 1893. – 73, [2] p. Nine words on the occasion of fires in Tambov and the Tambov province (from his Words to the Tambov flock, 1850–1860) / [Op.] Bp. Feofan. Ed. Athos. Rus. Panteleimon Monastery. – M.: Tipolit. I. Efimova, 1894. – 45 p. Since his retreat, Bishop Theophan has no longer preached sermons. Words of Archimandrite Feofan Published (in abbreviation) from the first collection: Words of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy by the rector Archimandrite Feofan. – St. Petersburg: Type. Ch. military training headquarters institutions, 1859. – II, 327 p. Reconciled from: Saint Theophan the Recluse of Vyshensky. Complete Collection of Creations. Volume I. Early Asceticism. Sermons. 1845–1859. – M., 2011. Words to the Tambov flock Published (abbreviated) from: On Orthodoxy with warnings against sins against it. Words of Bishop Feofan. – M.: Publishing house. dept. Moscow Patr., 1991. – 109 p. First collections: Words to the Tambov flock of Feofan, Bishop of Tambov and Shatsky in 1859 and 1860. – St. Petersburg: Type. Military training headquarters. institutions, 1861. – 326, [3] p.; Words to the Tambov flock of His Grace Theophan. – M.: Type. S. Orlova, 1867. – IV, 220 p. The titles of the sermons are given according to the first collections; subtitles - according to: On Orthodoxy with warnings against sins against it: Words of Bishop Theophan. – M.: Publishing house. dept. Moscow Patr., 1991. – 109 p. Words to the Vladimir flock Published (abbreviated) from: On Orthodoxy with warnings against sins against it: Words of Bishop. Feofana (from Words to the Tambian and Vladimir flocks, 1859, 1861, 1867 and 1869) / Athos. Rus. Panteleimon Monastery. M.: Tipo-lit. I. Efimova, 1893. 202, II p. Godly life in general: Words of Bishop. Feofana (from Words to the Tambian and Vladimir flocks of 1859–1866) / Athos. Rus. Panteleimon Monastery. – M.: Tipo-lit. I. Efimova, 1893. – 108, [1] p.; the same: 2nd ed. – 1899. First collection: Words to the Vladimir flock of the Right Reverend Theophan. – Vladimir: Type. lips gov., 1869. – VIII, 684, [3] p. The titles of the sermons are given according to the first edition; subtitles - according to: On Orthodoxy with warnings against sins against it: Words of Bishop Theophan. - M.: Ed. dept. Moscow Patr., 1991.– 109 p. First published: The Path to Salvation: A Brief Essay on Asceticism. Vol. 1–3. – St. Petersburg: Type. Trench. 1868–1869. This edition publishes (in abbreviation) the following: The Path to Salvation (a short essay on asceticism). The third part of the Outlines of Christian Moral Teaching. Essay by Bishop Theophan. 8th ed. Dept. I. – M.: Tipo-lit. I. Efimova, 1899. – 346, II p. (Reprint.) The work of Saint Theophan on moral theology - “The Path to Salvation, or a Brief Essay on Asceticism” - according to the author, was the fruit of his academic readings and was written in 1846–1847. But it was first published in 1868–1869. (SPb.). Some additions to individual parts were published in Home Conversation for 1869 (issues 2–16). In terms of its content, “The Path to Salvation” can be called the quintessence of all the moralizing works of the saint, who himself, at the end of his life (in 1888), testified: “Here everything that I wrote is being written and will be written.” It is also concluding with respect to Letters on the Christian Life. “The Path to Salvation” was in great demand and only during the author’s lifetime went through 7 editions. First edition (The Path to Salvation: A Brief Essay on Asceticism. Issues 1–3. – St. Petersburg: Type. Transchel. 1868–1869): Vol. 1: About the beginning of Christian life through Holy Baptism, with instructions on how to preserve this grace during the period of education and with the application of the thoughts of St. Our Father John Chrysostom about education. – 1868. – 112 p. Vol. 2: About the beginning of Christian life through repentance, or: About repentance and the sinner’s conversion to God. – St. Petersburg: Type. spirits magazine “The Wanderer”, 1869. – 121 p. Vol. 3: About how Christian life is accomplished, matures and strengthens in us. – 1869. – [4], 164 p. Same. – 2nd ed. – Vol. 1. – St. Petersburg: Type. spirits magazine “The Wanderer”, 1869. – 112 p. The same: In the 3rd department. – 3rd ed. Rus. Panteleimon Monastery on Mount Athos. – St. Petersburg: Type. Homes for the care of poor children, 1875. – 303 p. Same. – 4th ed. – M.: Type. Efimova, 1879. – 331 p. Same. – 5th ed. – M., 1884. – 331 p. Same. – 6th ed. – Odessa: Tipo-lit. Fesenko, 1886. – 392 p. Same. – 7th ed. – M.: Tipo-lit. I. Efimova, 1894. – 344, II p. Saint Theophan the Recluse withdrew from society into prayerful solitude in order to serve it in a special way - with prayer and spiritual words, which managed to embrace thousands of his contemporaries. Evidence of this were dozens of daily letters flocking to his cell from all corners of the Russian Empire from people of different classes and ranks, conditions and ages. They reflected everything that Russian society was worried about and was striving for. Saint Theophan did not leave any of those who wrote to him without an answer or instruction. Every somewhat significant event of those years found his lively response, every suffering soul seeking spiritual advice received consolation from him (for example, one person had up to 1000 letters that he personally received from the Right Reverend). His moralizing system was also compiled in the form of letters. Several collections of the saint’s letters were published: “Letters to various persons on various subjects of faith and life,” published first in “Soulful Reading” for 1880–1882, and then published as a separate book in 1882 in Moscow; “Letters to a person in St. Petersburg regarding the appearance of a new teacher of faith there” (originally published in “Soulful Reading” for 1880–1881, and as a separate book in St. Petersburg in 1881), directed against V. Pashkov and his followers. Individual letters were published in “Soulful Reading”, “Sunday Reading”, “Readings in the Society of Lovers of Spiritual Enlightenment”, etc. “Letters” were published as a separate publication in 8 issues, etc. And although this correspondence is already more than a hundred years old, many of the issues of church and public life raised in it, as well as the author’s answers, concern us no less today and still arouse sincere interest. In the light of the past years and after the lapse of many events, some of the words of the saint sound in our days as fulfilled prophecies, others as insightful insights, but for the most part they are important and necessary for us today as wise teaching, as archpastoral instructions and warnings against mistakes. Three letters to Rev. Feofan on the Eastern Question Printed from the first edition: Three letters to the Reverend. Feofan on the Eastern Question // Orthodox Review. – 1877. – T. 1. – No. 3. – P. 602–609. Dept. imprint: Three letters to the Reverend. Feofan on the Eastern Question. – [M.]: Univ. type. (M. Katkov), 1877. – 8 p. Letters on the Eastern Question occupy a special place in the spiritual heritage of the saint. The published letters of St. Theophan (1876–1877) were written to A.V. Rachinsky. Rachinsky Alexander Viktorovich (1826–1877) – diplomat, writer, historian. He began his service in 1841 in the office of the Novgorod civil governor as a clerical servant and until the beginning of 1855 he served in several departments in the Novgorod, Moscow and Kyiv provinces. During the Crimean War he joined the militia. From June 25, 1855 to April 13, 1856, he was in the garrison of the Izmail fortress, where he managed to study the Serbian and Bulgarian languages. In October 1859, he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and on the 21st of the same month was appointed manager of the vice-consulate in Varna. He held this position until May 1, 1862. Returning to Russia, he settled on his estate, the village of Minin, and saw his friends M.P. Pogodin, M.O. Bodyansky and others, was engaged in small literary works and thoroughly studied the Polish language. In October 1863 he left for Vilna and served in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In February 1865, he took the place of clerk of the Commission for the Organization of the Vilna Museum of Antiquities. In 1867, he retired and settled in the Nilova Hermitage (Tver province, Ostashkovsky district), where he began studying the monastery archive, which resulted in his historical essay: “The Nilova Hermitage in the first hundred and fifty years of its existence” (M., 1876). In January 1875, he again entered service - in the Moscow Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a clerk of the VIII class and held this position until his death, which followed on April 9, 1877. Before his death, he was engaged in the analysis of papers left by Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn and transferred by his nephew Prince Sergius Mikhailovich to the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From these papers he printed several important historical documents. What is spiritual life and how to tune in to it? Published (abbreviated) from: What is spiritual life and how to tune in to it? Letters from Bishop Feofan. (Reprint.) - L.: RIO "Conciliar Reason", 1991. - 288 p. First published: What is spiritual life and how to tune in to it? / Athos. Rus. Panteleimon Monastery. – M.: Type. Lavrova, 1878. – 293 p. Salvation in Christ is the defining theme in the teaching letters that make up the book “What is Spiritual Life and How to Tune in to It?” Published (abbreviated) from: Works like the saints of our father Theophan the Recluse: Collection. letters: In 8 issue. – [Reprint.] – M.: Holy Dormition Pskov-Pechersky Monastery: Pilgrim, 1994. – (Spiritual heritage of St. Theophan the Recluse). First published: Collected letters of St. Theophan: Vol. 1–8 / Athos. Rus. Panteleimon Monastery. – M.: Tipo-lit. Efimova, 1898 – 1901. Vol. 1. – M., 1898. – 260 p. Vol. 2. – M., 1898. – 240 p. Vol. 3. – M., 1898 (region 1899). – 256 s. Vol. 4. – M., 1899. – 256 p. Vol. 5. – M., 1899. – 232 p. Vol. 6. – M., 1899 (region 1900). – 216 p. Vol. 7. – M., 1900 (region 1901). – 256 s. Vol. 8. – M., 1901 (region 1902). – 228 p. Letters No. 1051–1200 were written to N.V. Elagin from 1856 to 1891 Thoughts for every day of the year according to church readings from the word of God Published by: Bishop Feofan. Thoughts for each day of the year based on church readings from the Word of God. – M.: Publishing house. Moscow Patr., 1991. – 196 p. In the Orthodox Church, during divine services, passages from the Holy Scriptures are set for reading for each day of the year. Saint Theophan the Recluse compiled a book of his own reflections on reading from these books. They are located in accordance with the Orthodox church calendar, starting from January 1/14, then by weeks (Sundays) and days of the week. Individual thoughts (aphorisms) of the Right Reverend Theophan began to be published from the 20th issue of V.I.’s magazine. Askochensky “Home Conversation” for 1869 and continued to be published in 1870–1871. In 1881 they were published as a separate book entitled: “Thoughts for every day of the year according to church readings from the Word of God” Bp. Feofana: (Published by the Athos Russian Panteleimon Monastery). – M.: Type. I. Efimova, 1881. – 484 pp., and then republished: The same. – 2nd ed. – M., 1890. – 454, II p.: ill. Same. – 3rd ed. – M., 1897 (region 1898). Same. – 4th ed. – M., 1904. – 462, II p. Same. – 5th ed. – St. Petersburg, 1903. – 367 p. Same. – 6th ed. – Pg., 1915. – 374 p. Same. – M.: Publishing house. Moscow Patr., 1991. – 196 p.: portrait. Same. – M.: Rule of Faith, 1995. – 369 p. Same. – M.: Father’s House, 2006. – 320 p. etc. In “Home Conversation”, in 1871–1872, in addition to the mentioned “Thoughts...” of St. Theophan, his other, briefer aphorisms were published, which formed a separate book: Brief thoughts for each day of the year, arranged by the number of months / Athos. Rus. Panteleimon Monastery. – M.: Type. Efimova, 1882. – 94 p. Same. – 2nd ed. – 1894. The same. – 3rd ed. – 1894. The presentation of thoughts is preceded by the following preface (we replaced the words in italics - A.K.): “For each day of the year there are passages from the Holy Scriptures to be read. The year in the church reckoning of time, regarding the reading of the Gospels and the Apostles, begins with the day of the bright Resurrection of Christ and is divided into three circles. The first circle contains eight weeks or weeks, starting from Easter to Pentecost or Trinity week (inclusive); the second circle contains 36 weeks, starting on the first Sunday after Pentecost and continuing until Lent; the third circle contains the weeks of Vel. post . For these readings from St. Bishop's Scriptures Theophan the Recluse wrote down some of his thoughts, which made up a book of readings for every day of the year, starting from January (14). These thoughts are from Bishop. Theophan we preface the instructions of the text laid down for each day of reading from the Holy Scriptures. Scriptures" Words in italics from the text of “Thoughts...” are given from other publications.