35. Около 1410 г. Его же два поучения великому князю Василию Дмитриевичу о неприкосновенности церковных имуществ

These two, still unpublished, monuments are published from the Volokolamsk collection of 1536, now owned by Moskov. Spirits. Academy, No. 283 / 659, l. 521–531 Metropolitan Photius arrived in Moscow in April 1410, and one of the first matters of his administration was measures to return the estates of the metropolis, seized, after the death of Cyprian, by the boyars and princes (Nikon. Chronicle, under 1410). These measures include real teachings. Ι. Lecture of Photius, Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Rus' to Grand Duke Vasily Dmitreevich It is fitting to know, beloved son, that the saints and ecumenical councils, having legitimized the provisions, and the Orthodox kings confirmed and wrote, will inevitably be; Likewise, your ever-memorable ancestors, the great Russian princes, legitimized and, with their honest writings, established and committed the Church of God to be immutable even for centuries, and commanded their grandchildren and great-grandchildren, even reaching you, my Christ-loving and prudent and noble and God-protected son, Grand Duke Vasily Dmitreevich. The ineffable and divine wisdom of the grace of our Deliverer and Savior Jesus Christ has embraced the whole earth, and the life-giving truth of the preaching of the same sermon to all who have taken up, and even flowed to the very ocean, and there is a lot of humanity, sitting in the darkness of ignorance 1552, in the form of the light of reason and delusion of freedom of connection, even in the paradise of delusion. replacing the kingdom of heaven. Like the first brightest kindnesses, the joy of exaltation, having fallen away 1553, the right serpent, a proud, evil mind, is held captive from the first, and by the power of the incarnate Word is alien to all strength, as it is written: “to the enemy the weapon becomes scarce to the end.” Everywhere the divine service has been established, and all fruitfulness is exalted to God, and God eats and distributes, providing for bodies and souls for the benefit of those who partake with a clear conscience; they flee from worthlessness and demons, and sacred human things are celebrated, secretly consecrated in churches and the food of heaven is rejected by all believers, and of course everything is new. But even as from the beginning and now, the devil, the murderer, became proud of the Lord Almighty, thought to resist and, having become ill, gave birth to the disease of the retreat of his darkness, and not tolerating us to see us rise up from the criminal fall and fly to heaven 1554, does not leave his anger with his arrows at us, struggling and hurting us with various contritions and passions even to this day. I wanted with all my heart to separate us from God, but I labored in vain; for the Passionate Leader of salvation did not abandon us, and did not despise the helpless us, but raised up their champions for all generations, for the sake of weapons, teaching and punishment and piety, taking up arms, and taking out spiritual weapons, which is the word of God, which destroyed the torment on us, mentors to the former flocks and the path of the Lord for people and governing, so as not to overthrow us to lawlessness, unrighteousness and Having become attached to covetousness and other wickedness, we will be separated from God. It is fitting for him, who has brought such greatness to the descent and humility of our race, and who has shown us the path to be, for the sake of church lamps and teachers and light guides, to direct our steps in God. If you want, my son, to experience the priestly rank, what it is and how colic works, hear from the old scripture a little in part, and according to the verb 1555 it is to have it. Moses, for he is great, and was honored to be an interlocutor with God, always fighting against Amalek, from both the priests we support and strengthen him, and thus he fled his opponent. Likewise, the governor Jesus Navvinus, who was chosen by him for his people, came to overthrow the cities and power of Jericho, and the priest prayed to go around the city with the ark of the covenant of God, with prayers and singing and trumpets, according to the ancients, and so gloriously with their prayers the walls of the city were overthrown. It would be better for us to bring the story that it was not only the Persian king Cyrus who brought gifts to the church of God, but also Oxerxes, who had the talent to build the church, and how many people gave their gifts to the service of the church. But we know that you are skilled in the old scripture: but even this small memory is for the benefit of your nobility. According to the great slaughter of Moses the God-seer and Jesus Navvina, and others like him in the old law, in the new law, as if the holy Apostles and God-bearing Fathers looked up to the divine church, and like blessed Constantine, and like him who reigned piously, honor and glory and obedience and obedience to the divine church and its abbots - This is what everyone knows, and even 1556, marvelously and God-lovingly set up by the holy reposed great princes, the ancestors of your nobility, this new people are instructed by God, even until the death of the ever-memorable Grand Duke Ivan. And I am still young in the age of the ever-memorable and worthy blessed parent of your nobility, who also gave him age to God and sought out spiritual zeal and learned the divine scriptures for him, and was a zealot (he, this man of God, experienced the verb: “for a king cannot be saved by much strength, and a giant will not be saved in the multitude of his strength,” and the hedgehog “lie”) a horse for salvation,” according to the divine decrees of the Prophet and hymn-writer Godfather David, and your ever-blessed parent is jealous of this [and] the Seer of God Moses and Joshua Joshua, as they are supported by the saints and interceded by their prayers, this and this), when those who found Hagaryan with multitudes and destroyed the living Christ-named people, and the ever-blessed one, calling upon the saintly nourishment and support, and like some pillar of light, leading the new Israel and guiding the footsteps of its army, and the great victorious one appears here. And always staying in the rules of the Holy Fathers and observing the justifications of the Church of Christ, and always observing all monastic and church duties, like the apple of the eye. In the same way, now we have our saint, like this great one, his real ship, who has chosen the whole world, the nourisher, Christ God for you, the great prince, on the throne of the fatherly show, the representative of the great All Rus', the gift, to establish words in court, preserving the truth forever, creating justice and righteousness in the midst of the earth, and to walk in an immaculate path. For the Church of God, for the sake of baptism, gave birth to you and fertilized you with beauty, virtues, and raised you and placed the eye of all Rus', showing you a mind of purity, and shining with lightness, revealed to all that exist under you, and to torture the righteous for every day and night, arranged for you to eat, and for the establishment and construction of the Church of Christ, and not only for itself, but and to oversee and rule those who are under you, and like Phineas’s warm love and zeal for God to be jealous of you, and to hate and drive away all unrighteousness and theft and wickedness and covetousness, and to save and protect the flock of Christ from all malice. It is appropriate not only to look at how best to arrange your life, but also to protect and watch everything that exists under you from adversity, and from many things of rebellion, and especially now, who have found a visible and invisible enemy in the present tense. But if there is poverty or insufficiency, or untruth, or covetousness that occurs, and especially in the Church of God, if it is not to be enslaved to it in any way, and to tear out all evil from its roots, and to clear away the tares, and purely to show church acquisitions and duties. I would like to show more at length from these ancient great princes who reposed holy, the ancestors of your nobility, Yaroslav, I say, who appeared in virtue, who were obedient to the Church of Christ and who were jealous of the ancient Orthodox kings, who also arranged the scepters of their power for good; likewise the former great princes; but for this reason I went 1557 to the story of the father of your honor, since you are a witness of his virtues and obedience, which is called to the Church of Christ. For he observed all the good things of the Church, and also showed great courage in many ways, and did not spare even that soul for Orthodoxy and for the verbal sheep entrusted to him from God; Likewise, there are many former nobles and servants, likewise witnesses of his virtues and valor: for the custom will continue, it is better known to be seen than heard. In the same way, I pray to your piety, as the tree was imagined and established by the saints and ecumenical councils, and everything that is the essence of the Church of God was given from your ancestors, and was established and named, and may you do the same as they did; for they honored and established the Church of Christ and preserved it harmlessly: and God also glorified them in this age, and in the future the kingdom of heaven was given freely. Likewise, my son, who was named by the pious decree of the Church of God, may you establish, may you arrange all duties, and may the Lord God preserve and strengthen your power in peace, and in unity, and in truth, and give from your loins an inheritance from generation to generation, and will cause your power to abide in peace and prosperity, and grant the kingdom of heaven, to whom is glory and power forever and ever, amen. ΙΙ. Teaching Photius, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' to Grand Duke Vasily Dmitreevich I speak to you for your salvation and for the preservation of your kingdom, O much-desired child, so that you may enjoy both present and future good things, the grace of Christ God. And first of all, my son, hear from the kings of the ever-memorable and equal Apostle of the great Tsar Constantine, how the Church of Christ is honored and glorified, and God himself is honored and glorified both in this century and in the future. Hear also the great Theodosius’s virtue and undoubted faith in God and his saints; and even if you go to this elder, they lead many people. Whenever you hear about the temptations that came from him, when you fought with Russian soldiers, before they were baptized, but know the faith and hope that is undoubted, how to humble yourself with a contrite heart towards him. But look to this holy elder, who has boldness towards God, forbidding the king and saying: “When you go out to battle, do not lay anything on your weapon, take it in your hands, and let no one come before your regiment and fight,” - the king did this and trampled down his enemies. And like them you will find much more pious than those who reigned. I will put everything aside, for the sake of the length of the word (the warrior’s hearing is full of words), and we will return to the kingdom of Komnin Manuel. Hear his virtue and courage, who 24 created battles in his kingdom with Russian warriors, with the eastern ones and with many other places, and you will run away from everyone. During every battle, Hodegetria carried the icon of the Most Pure Theotokos in chariots, and when approaching the enemies of Constantinople, he himself took the bridle of the horse and escorted the icon of the Most Pure Theotokos in a chariot through the city, even the holy church. And when the nobles and all the city people met him, they bowed to him, and the king answered them, saying: “By no means, O friends, bow to me, but rather to the Most Pure Voivode the Victorious; I am her slave and yours.” It is also necessary to say how to the old 1558 church of the glorious, Solomon's wisdom, which, according to the power of Shaah, brought to it the taxes and duties as in the old law; the sacred great church, hedgehog 1559 in the name of the Divine Wisdom of Constantinople, hedgehog more than this church, which Solomon erected, and from David, in human, honorably erected the former, and in truth royally, not of Solomon’s imagination this new Zion was named, the church named by the Wisdom of God, after the consecration of this ark, The Church of the Savior, about which the apostolic stone was built by the Holy Spirit 1560, to this church, indestructible and unshakable and various, they brought many acquisitions and fees, and these are immovable, and visible, and established, and immovable 1561; ova was given in the eastern countries, and ova in the western countries, and on the islands of the sea. There are also many other duties, cities and villages, and lakes, and houses that have already been purchased; according to length, for the sake of the word, I left another: there were many more, even from the king’s duties, bought for the church house. This king Komnenos, having thus legitimized and submitted the scriptures, is indestructible. Many parishioners from the church builders complained about the governors, how they wanted to offend church acquisitions and duties, and the king legalized and wrote, saying: “before and behold, our kingdom has reached the ears of church complainants, even 1562 everywhere, even if they are church acquisitions and duties, they are injured from my governors, or from judges, if you rely on our to the kingdom, in neglect of this, to this honorable church and to all the existing metropolitans, and archbishops, and bishops, and monasteries, and all the churches of God, where they exist, either in the eastern countries, or in the western, throughout the entire universe, as if the essence was given to God, a sacrifice even until the end of the age, may they remain indestructible, for my kingdom of scriptures for the sake of: if cities, even villages, or meadows or lakes, market places and odrinas, or people bought into church houses, or dues under church court, or grapes, or gardens, or whatever there is from church things, as having judged our kingdom, legitimized it. And the governors of our kingdom, and they have no one to judge them; In the same way, the tree was given or bought into church houses, but it is under church judgment; Likewise, let no one dare to judge or seek anyone from my governors or from my judges. And if anyone dares to judge from the governors or from the judges of my kingdom, or what was sold in the church, or given from someone, or what will be given away: everyone who dares to seek such things, or to judge dares to dare, mercilessly this house will be plundered to the church house, or to the judges, and he himself will be dishonored all the years of his life, both from his rank and from I was excommunicated in my honor because I resisted the legitimized Tsar, who gave more honorably and kindly to God to churches and monasteries. And for this reason, it is for this reason that I bring a small gift to God, from whom I have received from the countless gifts from his richly bestowing right hand; for this reason, it is appropriate not to seek from the governors, below from the judges of my kingdom, all church or monastic acquisitions, whether given or purchased, should not be sought, but judged below. Since then, my kingdom has given all the acquisitions and duties to the churches of God, for the sake of the name of God and for his glory, and so that we may be preserved under his strong right hand, asking for mercy and forgiveness for them to God, as a man who bears the flesh, has attacked and sinned, and for the sake of help from them, like the warriors of King Christ, who from a young age clung to the monastic life and fully clothed with the Holy Spirit, to have a companion and a strong champion against visible and invisible enemies. Moreover, if anyone, either a governor, or a judge, or a nobleman of my kingdom, or for the sake of property, or for the sake of bribes, or for the sake of violence, or through cunning, wants to overcome the churches of God, and if the essence of the written word according to the established scripture of my kingdom, to overcome the one given to God by his great church, and even under its region in the east and west, to all the metropolitans and archbishops, and to bishops and all monasteries, where, as it was predicted, throughout the entire universe, church taxes, given to God, whether cities, or villages, or meadows, or lakes, market places and odrinas, or people bought into church houses, or dues in church court, or grapes, or gardens, or whatever the essence of church attractions, are to despise 1563, or to offend, or to judge begins: first of the Holy Trinity of light and mercy, when we stand before the terrible judgment, let him not see and let him fall away from the Christian part, like Judas from the twelfth of the Apostles; to this end, let those who have fallen asleep, the first-born saints and righteous and God-bearing Fathers, take an oath from time immemorial.” 1564 I am also afraid, O my dear son, lest we hear his voice and the answer that says: “Because you do not listen to my voice and do not keep my commandments, but I will allow you to be cruel, proud, and disobedient, and the same will happen when you call me, but I will not listen to your prayer, and I will not listen to you.” Do not let these words come to us, my son, from the righteous Judge, if we expect the mercy and love of God, but let us begin his righteous judgment. For these sakes, I weep, as Jeremiah said, and I weep and seek with my eyes the source of the tears of those who are pleased about such passion, and I call upon the wise, as if they weep, and talk, and help, and sicken the womb, and continually seize my inner being, and let them philosophize, in no way will ease the disease, or which voices; For now all the ancients are silent and the new ones speak loudly. There is rioting for all Christ's enemies of the Church of Christ, division and taking away. For this reason, we should not be little to the churches, and to the canopy of the church, taking 1565 to ourselves, and to the city in such a great city, in the great reign; They always give their Orthodoxy to God, and just as they offend no less, the Church of God is offended about some, and its duties are all. Or say: if anyone afflicts those who are faint-hearted, the tongues that do their craft speak evil without being taught good. But I will not be rewarded with disgust, either with praise or with blasphemy, as one who confuses myrrh with the stench, or the ointment with the stench, and the fatness of confusion, as if I were saddened by blasphemy, or with many things to overcome those who praise, and to be praised by me worse. Now we have such things, but as such I am and remain, and we praise and reproach: for the servant is of God; Even though I am a sinner, I speak the apostolic message. Even if he were pleasing to man, he would not be a slave to Christ: for there is nothing else for man who has given up his being to God’s will and does everything for the glory of his name. 1566 And I say this to myself, because it is not my word or the spoken word that touches the one who reproaches, even if he blasphemes in my name. But why should we strive for the length of the word? I have brought you testimony from the kings of memorable memory and from the ever-blessed ancestors of your nobility, from many small ones, for the sake of salvation and confirmation, out of duty, which I must testify about you before God. And I must always speak and say this to your honor - this is the essence of your salvation, but I speak about [in] this present century your prosperity, and especially about the most necessary mental and ineffable pleasure to be worthy of perception. As they are, worthy of your blessed ancestors, in this life they served God and his church well, as they preached many times above, and the one here enjoyed good-natured goodness, and the future one received eternal goodness from the Rewarder. Be aware, my son, that you are a man: even if you reign with God over his chosen flock, you must resist every militia about his flock and his truth, even to the point of bloodshed. Be aware, my son, that you have despised the Church of God, by force, by charging inappropriately, and have not helped yourself. Proclaim, my son, to the Church of Christ and to me, your father: “Those who have sinned, forgive me, and you, O Father, are obedient and submissive to me in everything: as in the law and in the Church of Christ, the duties of evil that were corrupted, I will fulfill and correct, imagined and given and approved from the beginning from my ancestors, and even for many years abandoned, even corrupted. You have all kinds of obedience from me, O Father! but as soon as you spoke to us about the Church of Christ, grant forgiveness and blessing to us, and guide us in prayers for God’s good deeds, instruct us in word and spirit, and strengthen us.” The blessing, my son, and even more so the saint’s, strengthens the houses of the faithful and may we be established... ... 1568 My prayer and petition to the man of God and the Grand Duke of All Rus', I hope so blessedly and righteously; These are the rules that your ancestors received from the ecumenical councils of your honor, hear the spoken word. In the original, taking off. by verb - translation of the famous Greek κατὰ λέξιν (literally). From here follows a literal, although very obscure translation of passages from the chrysobulls of Emperor Manuel Komnenos, given in the interpretation of Balsamon on the 12th rule of the VII Ecumenical Council (Σύνταγμα τῶν κανόνων, ΙΙ, 598–611). The meaning of this passage can only be understood with the help of the Greek original, which says: ἐπ' ὀνόματι τῆς Θεοῦ Σοφίας, τοῦ καὶ ἐκ Σολομῶντος κατημένου καὶ ἐκ Δαβίδ, κατὰ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον, φιλοτίμως ὄντως ἐνιδρομένῳ καὶ τῳόντι βασιλικῶς, οὔ κάκεΐνος ἢν ὁ Σολομώντειος προεκτόπωμα, τῇ νέᾳ λέγω Σιών, τῇ τοῦ ἀγιάσματος κιβοτῷ, τῇ τοῦ Σωτήρος ἠμών ἐκκλησιᾳ, η҆ν τῇ πέτρᾳ ἐπῳκοδόμησε τῶν ἀποστολικῶν διατάξεων τὸ Πνεύμα τὸ ‘Αγιον (Σύντ. II, 605). For a correct understanding of the entire cited passage from the imperial xpisovul, it is necessary to compare the Slavic text with the Greek in Syntagma, vol. ΙΙ, pp. 608–611. In authentic What follows is a passage that has been spoiled to the point of nonsense: “And this spiritual humanity, according to the lot in which it was chosen, will have a resting place in it from here and the church for this bliss and the firstborn is written in the heavens of triumph.” You might be interested in: