Глава 25

1–9. Donation for the construction of the tabernacle. 10–22. Construction of the Ark of the Covenant. 23–30. Setting up a table in the sanctuary for the showbread. 31–40. The device of the lamp. Ex.25:1. And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying: Exodus 25:2. tell the children of Israel to make offerings to Me; From every person who has zeal, accept offerings to Me. The tabernacle is built on voluntary offerings both because there were no other sources for acquiring the necessary materials, and because it, the dwelling of the Most High (Ex. 25:8, 29:45), the God of all the people, is a public property. The appeal to willing donors was so successful that after that it was necessary to stop accepting offerings (Ex. 36:5–6). Exodus 25:3. These are the offerings that you must accept from them: gold and silver and copper, Speaking of gold, Art. 3 does not add the word: “pure” (Ex. 25:11, 17), and therefore one can think that the object of the offering could be both refined and unrefined gold. Exodus 25:4. and blue, purple, and scarlet, and fine linen, and goats' wool, Since the fabric of the indicated colors (tekelet, argaman, tolaat, shani) in combination with fine linen (linen) was used to make the coverings of the tabernacle (Exodus 26:1), the clothes of the high priest (Exodus 28:4–5, etc.), and the law prohibits joining threads from wool and linen (Lev.19:19, Deut. 22:11), it is obvious that it was not material woolen Under the “fine linen” from which the ten curtains of the tabernacle were made (Exodus 26:1), the curtain that separated the sanctuary from the Holy of Holies (Exodus 26:31), the curtain at the entrance to the tabernacle (Exodus 25:36), as well as the ephod, girdle and breastplate of judgment of the high priest (Exodus 28:5, etc.), tunics, headbands, the undergarment and priestly girdles ( Ex. 39:27–28 ), of course, were probably cotton paper. This is proven by the names given to this fabric by the Jews. Of these, "shesh" is a modification of the Egyptian word "shepe", meaning "flax", and "butz" is used to designate Syrian flax, different from Egyptian (Ezek. 27:16). The inhabitants of the East did not strictly distinguish between flax and cotton paper (the Arabic “kattun” means both “linen” and “cotton”, as well as linen fabric made from cotton or flax). Ex.25:5. and red skins of rams, and blue skins, and shittim wood, Red lamb skins – morocco. “Takhash” skins – it is unknown from what animal, dolphin, seal or marine species, they were obtained. One thing is certain, that, intended to serve as the top cover of the tabernacle (Ex. 26:14), they were distinguished by their strength and waterproofness. The shittim tree, the Arabian acacia, was distinguished by its hardness and lightness, and therefore was most suitable for constructing a portable tabernacle. Exodus 25:6. oils for the lamp, aromas for the anointing oil and incense, The anointing oil flavors are listed in Ex. 30:23–25; for incense - in Ex. 30:34–36. Exodus 25:7. onyx stone and set stones for the [ephod] ****** and for the breastplate. Shogam stones, onyx or aquamarine; “set stones” to be set into the vestments of the high priest (Ex. 28:17–20, 39:10–13). Exodus 25:8. And they will build a sanctuary for Me, and I will dwell in the midst of them; Exodus 25:9. [do] everything as I show you, both the pattern of the tabernacle and the pattern of all its vessels; do so. As can be seen from Ex. 25:40, Acts. 7:44, Heb. 8:5, Moses was given not only verbal instructions regarding the structure of the tabernacle and its belongings, but also the very samples of the building and the objects contained in it were shown. Ex.25:10. Make an ark of shittim wood: the length thereof shall be two cubits and a half, and the breadth thereof shall be one and a half cubits, and the height thereof shall be one and a half cubits; Exodus 25:11. and overlay it with pure gold, covering it inside and out; and make a golden [twisted] crown around it at the top; Made of Arabian acacia, about 30 inches long (a cubit is about 3/4 arshin), about 18 inches wide and high, the Ark of the Covenant was lined with gold sheets outside and inside. Whether the crown was at the very top or below, the text does not say. Exodus 25:12. and pour out four rings of gold for it and set it on the four lower corners of it: two rings on one side of it, two rings on the other side of it. Four gold rings were attached, two on each side of the ark, probably on the transverse, but not longitudinal (1 Kings 8:8). Exodus 25:13. Make poles of shittim wood and overlay them with [pure] gold; Exodus 25:14. And you shall put the poles in the rings on the sides of the ark, so that by means of them you can carry the ark; Exodus 25:15. There shall be poles in the rings of the ark, and they shall not be taken away from it. The purpose of the poles was to carry the ark of the covenant without touching it with hands (Num. 4:15). They should always be put into rings, with the exception of the case when it was necessary to cover the ark with blankets before moving it to another place (Numbers 4:5-6). Exodus 25:16. And put in the ark the testimony that I will give you. The “revelation” must be brought into the ark, i.e. two tablets (Exodus 31:18, 34:20) that will be given (Exodus 24:12). Ex.25:17. Make also a cover of pure gold: its length is two cubits and a half, and its width is one and a half cubits; The Hebrew name for the lid is “kaporet” (from the verb “kafar” - to cover, to make invisible, to cleanse), the Greek ἱλαστήριον, the Slavic “purification place” - given to it because by sprinkling it seven times on the day of purification, the people were cleansed from sins (Lev. 16:14–16). Exodus 25:18. and thou shalt make two cherubim of gold: of hammered work thou shalt make them at both ends of the mercy seat; Exodus 25:19. make one cherub on one side, and another cherub on the other side; make cherubs protruding from the lid on both edges of it; The exact image of the biblical cherubim of the tabernacle is unknown. They can be considered identical with the cherubim of the vision of the prophet Ezekiel (Ezekiel 10:21). The cherubim were of “chased work,” i.e. their images were carved from gold. The place where they were placed on the lid was both ends of it. Exodus 25:20. and the cherubim will have their wings spread upward, covering the mercy seat with their wings, and their faces will be toward each other: the faces of the cherubim will be toward the mercy seat. The wings of the cherubs should be raised upward, but not in the direct direction from the lid up, but in an oblique direction: with this arrangement, they actually “covered” the lid. The faces of the cherubs should be turned to one another and at the same time to the lid; consequently, their heads were inclined towards the lid of the ark. As can be seen from the design of the cherubim of the temple of Solomon (2 Chronicles 3:13), made on the model of the cherubim of the tabernacle, these latter had an upright position: “they stood on their feet.” The kneeling position of the cherubs is out of the question. Exodus 25:21. And put the mercy seat on the top of the ark, and put the testimony that I will give you into the ark; Exodus 25:22. there I will reveal myself to you and speak to you above the mercy seat, in the midst of the two cherubim that are above the ark of the testimony, about everything that I will command through you to the children of Israel. As a place of the direct presence and revelation of the Most High, due to which He is called “sitting on the Cherubim, which is on top of the ark of the covenant” (2 Kings 6:2, Isa. 37:16), and “speaking from the mercy seat, which is above the ark of the testimony, from the midst of the two cherubim” (Num. 7:89), the caporet was the throne of the Lord, the external basis for which was the ark with tablets of the covenant as a sign that the presence of the Most High in the tabernacle is based on the covenant made. The revelation will consist of communicating to Moses all the commands that the people will need to fulfill. Exodus 25:23. And you shall make a table of shittim wood, two cubits long, a cubit wide, and a cubit and a half high, Exodus 25:24. and overlay it with pure gold, and make a [twisted] crown of gold around it; Ex.25:25. and make walls around it the size of a palm, and at its walls make a golden crown around it; The acacia table, about 24 inches in length, 12 in width and 18 in height, was covered with sheets of pure gold (Ex. 37:10–16), which is why it is sometimes called a “clean table” (Lev. 24:6). A “golden crown” was made around him. As can be seen from the image of the showbread table on the Arch of Emperor Titus in Rome, under the crown is meant a massive golden plank 6 inches wide, which enclosed the upper surface of the table on all sides. Since the smooth lining can hardly be called a crown, one can think that it was wavy, or cut in the form of thin grooves or recesses. This form is indicated by the LXX reading “στρεπτὸν κυμάτιον (Slav.: “twisted taxation”) - the term “κυμάτιον” designates a wavy-cut board of a Doric cornice. There was knitting under the board on each side of the table, i.e. a wall connecting the legs and having the width of a palm. According to the drawing on the arch, this bundle was a golden rod connecting all four legs of the table into one whole at the very middle of their height, and its Greek name “στεφάνην” indicates that it was not smooth, but probably represented an imitation of a wreath of flowers. Exodus 25:26. and thou shalt make for him four rings of gold, and place the rings on the four corners of his four legs; Exodus 25:27. there should be rings at the walls to put poles in to carry a table on them; Exodus 25:28. and make the poles of shittim wood and overlay them with [pure] gold, and they will carry this table on them; Four rings should be attached at the four corners, at the four legs of the table, in those places where the table legs were connected by a ligament: “there should be rings at the walls.” The poles intended for carrying the table were threaded into rings only for the duration of wear. Exodus 25:29. make also for him a dish, censers, cups and mugs for pouring with them: make them of pure gold; The table accessories include “kearot” - dishes (LXX: τρυβλία), according to the explanation of the Talmudic tradition - those forms in which bread was prepared and brought to the sanctuary; “kapot” (LXX: θυίσκας), according to the same legend - incense bowls, or bowls in which incense was placed (Lev. 24:7, Num. 7:14), and, finally, “kesot” and “menakiyot” - vessels for wine, as can be seen from the expression added to them: “with which they poured.” "Kesot", Greek. “σπονδεῖα” are large wine mugs: “menakiyot” are smaller ones. Ex.25:30. and place the showbread on the table before Me continually. The loaves had to be laid twelve (Lev.24:5) according to the number of the twelve tribes of Israel, in two rows (Lev.24:6), six in a row, bread upon bread, as the Jewish tradition and Josephus speak about this and indicates the image of the table on the Arch of Titus, which represents the likeness of two towering cylinders. Prepared from a large amount of flour - each loaf should contain 2/10 ephah (Lev.24:5), the loaves were replaced with new ones every Sabbath (Lev.24:8). The loaves are called bread of face because they were before the face of Jehovah. When the tabernacle was removed from its place, then, according to the instructions of Num. 4:7, the table for the showbread was covered with a blue garment, on which all the utensils were placed along with the showbread, and then covered with a bright red cover and a leather “tachash”. Ex.25:31. And make a lampstand of pure gold; This lamp must be chased; the stem thereof, the branches thereof, the cups thereof, the apples thereof, and the flowers thereof shall come out of it; Unlike the other accessories - the vessels of the tabernacle - the lampstand was made of pure gold. It was “chased” work, i.e. the lampstand was not trimmed with a chisel, but was entirely cast from a talent of gold (Ex. 25:39). The trunk of the lamp should not be a smooth, uniform shape, but should consist of flower cups, spherical figures like apples, and flowers. Cups, apples and flowers should not form a decoration attached to the trunk of the lamp, but one with the trunk, should be included in its composition. Exodus 25:32. six branches shall come out of its sides: three branches of a lampstand from one side of it, and three branches of a lampstand from the other side of it; Six side branches emerged from the lamp's trunk, three on one side and three on the other. As can be seen from the image of the lamp on the Arch of Titus, they came out in an arc, in the shape of a fan. Exodus 25:33. three cups like an almond blossom, with an apple and flowers, should be on one branch, and three cups like an almond blossom on the other branch, with an apple and flowers: so on all six branches coming out of the lamp; The existence on each side branch of three colored cups, similar to the cup of an almond flower, suggests that there were three apples and flowers on each branch. In this case, each side stem of the lamp consisted of nine figures: first there was an almond-shaped cup, then a spherical figure - an apple and, finally, a flower. The omission that the cups, apples and flowers were of different sizes makes one think that they were the same size. Because of this, the lower branches had to end at their upper end not at the same height as the upper stems, but below them, and lower as much as the three figures occupied the space: a cup, an apple and a flower. Ex.25:34. and on the stem of the lamp there should be four cups like an almond blossom with apples and flowers; Ex.25:35. the six branches coming out of the stem of the lampstand had an apple under two of its branches, and an apple under the other two branches, and an apple under the third two branches thereof [and on the lampstand there are four cups, like an almond blossom]; Ex.25:36. apples and their branches must come out of it: it must all be chased, solid, and made of pure gold. On the trunk of the lamp the same figures of a cup, an apple and a flower were repeated four times. Their placement is indicated by a remark about the placement of the apples. The first was located slightly lower at the place of the trunk from which the two lower branches emerged; the second and third stood in the same relationship to the middle and upper stems (Ex. 25:35). Ex.25:37. And thou shalt make seven lamps for it, and place its lamps upon it, that they may shine upon the front of it; As for the shape of the lamps, the biblical text does not say anything about it. Based on Zech. 3:9, 4:2, where the seven lamps are put in relation to the mysterious stone of the seven eyes, the ancient interpreters called them eye-shaped. In later Jewish tradition, the lamps of the lamp are spoon-shaped. The newest researchers, based on specimens of ancient lamps found in Palestinian soil, consider the lamps of Moses to be boat-shaped with toes or oblong-round with two holes for the wick and pouring in oil. According to the instructions of Ex. 26:35, the lamp did not stand in the middle of the tabernacle, but on its southern longitudinal side, and, as Josephus testifies, its width did not correspond to the width of the tabernacle; it stood askew: the narrow side was facing the Holy of Holies and the entrance of the sanctuary, and the wide side was facing the table of showbread, located on the northern longitudinal side of the tabernacle (Ex. 26:35). And if this wide side of the lamp is called the front (front), then it is obvious that the light of the lamps falling on it also fell on the table of proposals. This direction of light could be explained by the design of the lamps: they could be closed except for two holes for the wick and pouring in oil, and if a burning lamp was exposed from the first hole facing the offering table, then the light from it fell on the sacred meal. Exodus 25:38. and the tongs for it and the trays for it [should be] made of pure gold; The accessories of the lamp were tongs, or pincers (Isa. 6:6), intended for removing carbon deposits from the lamps, and trays - vessels for extinguishing it. You might be interested in: