Глава VI. О разделении

Division is the first dismemberment of a thing; for example, an animal is divided into rational and irrational. Additional division (επιδιαιρεοσις) is a second division of the same thing. For example, an animal is further divided into legless, two-legged and four-legged: legless - fish, two-legged - man and bird, four-legged - ox, horse and the like. A division is a division of a separated part. For example, an animal is divided into rational and irrational, while rational is divided into mortal and immortal. Thus, the first object (animal) is divided into two members: rational and irrational, and the division of one of these members, saying: rational is divided into mortal and immortal, is a division. However, division and additional division do not always occur, but in the case when not everything is embraced by the first division. For example, an animal is divided into rational and unreasonable. But in both rational and irrational animals a sign is seen: bipedalism. Therefore, additional separation is necessary, i.e. we make a second division of the same object, namely the animal, and say: the animal is divided into legless, two-legged and four-legged. There are eight ways of division and on the following basis. Everything that is subject to division is divided either by itself, i.e. in accordance with its substance, or in accordance with its accidents. If something is divided in itself, then it is divided either as a thing or as a name. If as a thing, then either as a genus into species, as happens when an animal is divided into rational and irrational, or as a species into individuals, as is the case when a person is divided into Peter, Paul and other individual people, or as a whole into parts. Moreover, the latter division is of two kinds: either into similar parts, or into dissimilar ones. An object is composed of similar parts when its parts take on the name and definition of both the whole and each other - for example, meat is divided into many pieces of meat, and each piece is called meat and takes on the definition of meat. On the contrary, an object consists of dissimilar parts, when the separated parts do not take on the name or definition of either the whole or each other - for example, if Socrates is divided into arms, legs and head. In fact, the foot or head separated from Socrates is no longer called Socrates, nor does the foot of Socrates accept the definition of Socrates or the definition of the head. Or as a homonymous name - for the designated differences. And this division is again of two kinds, since the name denotes either something whole or a part. Whole, such as the name: dog. This name denotes something whole, for it is used in the application of an earthly dog, and a heavenly one, and a sea dog, each of which is something whole, and not a part of an animal. A part, when, for example, the name of the tongue is attached to the upper part of the sandals, and to the upper part of the flute, and to the taste organ of animals - all these are parts, not wholes. This is how division is made when an object is divided by itself. According to accidents (the division is made) or when the substance is divided into accidents, for example, when I say about people that some of them are white, others are black, for people are substance, and white and black are accidents; or in the case when an accident is divided into substances - for example, when I say that some of the white objects are animate, others are inanimate, for the white color is an accident, while animate and inanimate objects are substances; or in the case when an accident is divided into accidents - for example, when I say: some of the cold objects are white and dry, others are black and damp, for cold, white, black, dampness, dryness - all these are accidents. There is another way of division, namely, into objects originating from one object and relating to one object. From one thing, namely, from medicine, both a medical book and a medical instrument originate, for they are called medical from one subject - medicine. Healthy medicine and healthy food belong to the same subject, because they refer to the same thing—health. As for objects originating from the same object, some of them receive their name from a known cause - for example, the image of a person receives its name from the true cause, i.e. person; others - because they were invented by someone: for example, a medical knife and similar objects. This is the general division of objects according to which everything that admits of division can be divided: either as a genus into species, or as a species into individuals, or as a whole into parts, or as a homonymous name into designated differences, or as a substance into accidents, or as an accident into substances, or as an accident into accidents, or as objects belonging to and related to the same object. However, some do not recognize the division of a species into individuals as division, preferring to call it calculus, because division has two, three, very rarely four members; the species is divided into an infinite number of members; for there are, for example, an infinite number of individual people. It should be noted that not a single method of division [except for the last] makes it possible to see what in the terms of division is antecedent in nature and what is subsequent, as well as what is higher and what is lower. But when dividing by origin from the same object or in relation to the same object, one can see what is prior in nature and what is subsequent, and also what is higher and what is lower, from here comes its origin and name. You might be interested in: