Археология Церковная

II. Archeology Ecclesiastical or Christian. The scientific development of Christian archeology began in the 16th century. This century represents a period of renaissance in the field of science and art, and in the field of religion a period of development of Protestantism. The attraction to ancient forms of art that arose at this time, accompanied by extreme disdain for modern church art, demanded its revival on the principles of antiquity; Protestantism, for its part, aroused a protest against all forms of church life supported by church tradition. These protests aroused defenders of church antiquity in the field of scholarly activity; A lively debate began and gave rise to very significant scientific works devoted to the study of the structure, rituals and customs of the ancient Christian church. The first work of this kind is the Protestant Magdeburg Centuries (1559–74), which, among other things, contains a rich department of church customs, structure and administration of the church. They are followed by the works of Balthasar Bebel, Quenstedt, Daley, Spangemia, devoted to the study of certain aspects of ancient church life and, in particular, questions about the sacraments and veneration of icons. Not alien to bias and polemical fervor, they are in many ways inferior to the impartial and strictly scientific Antiquities of the Christian Church (1708–22) by Joseph Bingham. But he, like his predecessors, does not concern material monuments at all. This significant deficiency is compensated to some extent by the Annals (1588–1607) of the Catholic Caesar Baronius. Molan, Paleotgi, the Jesuit Gretzer and other scientists worked in his spirit. But the first workers in the field of art archeology are Panvinio and Bosio. Both devoted themselves to studying the catacombs and the monuments found in them. They laid the foundation for the scientific study of monuments of ancient Christian art, and a whole mass of archaeologists followed in their footsteps. The most famous are Bottari, Marangoni, Fabretti, Buonarotti, Boldetti. Thus, in 1720, “Research in the Cemeteries of St. martyrs and ancient Christians in Rome” of the latter; in 1716 he published with Buonarotti “Studies on various fragments and images found in Roman cemeteries”; in 1740 with Marangoni "Acta S. Victorin". At the same time, Vasari published his history of painters, and Moneocon, Mabilon, Muratorium, Assemanium and Albani brought to light the written monuments of Christian antiquity. In the 17th century Particular interest in antiquity was aroused by the Italian scientists Ciampini, who undertook the study of ancient Christian churches and mosaics. But all these works were of a private and mostly antiquarian nature: they are mainly concerned with the form of the monument, and pay too little attention to principles and historical connections. And only in the 18th century, from the time of Winckelmann, were the first foundations of the history of art laid. The Frenchman D'Agencourt (1730–1814) arrived in Rome after Winckelmann to continue his work. After staying here for about 20 years, he compiled a history of ancient and medieval Christian art, published after his death. From the same XVIII century. less valuable works of the Italians Bianchini, Mamaha, Selvaggio, Pellichia, Taleotimo and the Germans Walch, Baumgarten, Zemler, Gaug and others have been preserved. In the 19th century. the study of Christian art takes on very broad dimensions. In Italy, its most prominent representatives are the Jesuit Marchi, who studied the catacombs of St. Agnes and published the first volume of his opus in 1844. "Monuments of Primitive Christian Art", his student Giovani Battista De Rossi, and the Jesuit Garrucci. The greatest fame in the study of Christian Rome belongs to DeRossi. He and his brother visited all the catacombs known before him and explored many new ones. The monuments of ancient Christian life discovered by him and his study surpassed everything that had been done before him. His most famous discoveries were made in the catacombs of Callista, Domitilla, Priscilla and Pretextata. In his work “Roma sotterranea cristiana” (1864–77), Rossi undertook a methodical description of the catacombs; with his “Inscriptiones urbis Romae Christiane” he laid a solid foundation for the scientific publication of inscriptions; his "Musaici christiani di Roma" will eventually present a whole, detailed history of Christian mosaics in Rome; finally, with his Bulletino di archeologia cristiana, published periodically since 1863, he acquaints the public with current research and discoveries. In other places in Italy, many learned researchers have recently worked on the study of Christian antiquities in Naples, Sicily, Milan, and Modena. In France, in the field of Ar. Lenormap, Alard and Perret worked, whose work “Les Catacombes de Rome” was published in 1851–55 by the French government. Next came Tessier, who devoted himself to the study of the architecture of Byzantium, Armenia, and Georgia and made a very valuable contribution to the meager literature of Byzantine art. The same issue is addressed in the studies of Cuchot “Choix d’eglisses byzantines”, De Vogüe – “Architecture civile et religieuse de la Syrie”, “Les Eglises de Terre-Sainte” and Beye “L’Art byzantin”. Among other French archaeologists, Didron, who worked a lot for Christian iconography, is known: in 1845. he published the so-called iconographic original under the title: “Manuel d’iconographie grecque et latine”; Le Blanc, studying the monuments of Gaul; Abbot Martigny, who compiled an entire encyclopedia of Christian antiquities in the form of a dictionary; Rolle "Les catacombes de Rome"; Lefort “Etudes sur le monuments de la peinture chrétienne en Italie”; Grousset, Muntz, Viollet le-Duc, who restored the walls of Avignon and wrote a dictionary for French architecture and an essay on Russian art; Pulger “Les anciennes Eglises byzant.”, Caumon, who worked on issues of medieval architecture, etc. At the beginning of the 19th century, Augusti occupied an outstanding place among German archaeologists. His “Denkwürdigkeiten aus der christlichen Arch.” (1817–31) and “Handbuch d. christ. Arch." (1836) were considered classics for a long time and have not lost their significance to this day. Of great importance are the archaeological works of Zesterman, Kreiser, Urlich, Gübsch, Messmer, devoted to the question of ancient Christian churches; Berlin professor Kugler wrote an entire history of art, Lübke compiled a history of architecture and plastic arts; Quast explored Ravenna, Solzenberg studied and published monuments of Byzantine art "Altchristliche Baudenkmäler von Constantinopel", and Unger gave a detailed and complete review of their "Die griechische Kunst im Mittelalter". Berlin prof. Pieper wrote "Mythologie der christlichen Kunst", brought to the fore the study of mythology and symbolism of Christian art, and with his work "Einleitung in die monumentale Theologie" laid the foundation for monumental theology; Schulze explored the Neapolitan catacombs, and Prof. Kraus published a detailed encyclopedia of Christian antiquities, which in its thoroughness surpasses other publications of this kind. Among the same archaeological works is Dobbert’s multi-volume work “Repertorium für Knnstwissenchaft”. In England, Northscott, Smith and Cavalcaselle are known for their works on Christian archeology, in Belgium Kussmaeker and Houdin. In Russia, the scientific study of Archeology begins in the 19th century. The first archaeological work in history is the work of prof. Gabriel Uspensky, Kharkov University: “The Experience of Narrating Russian Antiquities” (1811). It was only by some strange accident that this experiment did not include any material monuments of antiquity on either side. In 1815, the Society of Russian History and Antiquities was founded. In 1829, Herodion Vetrinsky began publishing “Monuments of the Ancient Christian Church,” a translation of Bingham’s “Origines.” Later archaeological works are divided into two categories: 1) publication of materials, and 2) scientific processing of them. The first includes the following works: a) on the archeology of Byzantine and Russian churches: Prokhorov “Christian Antiquities and Archeology”; Martynov and Snegirev “Russian Antiquity”, “Description of Moscow”, Makariy “Archaeological Description of Novgorod”; Tolstoy “Ancient Shrines of Rostov”; Richter “Monuments of Ancient Russian Architecture”; Grimm "Caucasus"; photographs of Dahl and Leonov at the Academy of Arts; b) on iconography: publication of the Byzantine iconographic original by Didrod; ancient Russian original, published in the Collection of the Society of Ancient Russian Art in 1873; front original gr. Stroganov. A significant amount of iconographic material was also published in the works of the Moscow and St. Petersburg archaeological societies, in the Bulletin of the Society of Ancient Russian Art at the Moscow Public Museum and the Vremennik of the Moscow Society of History and Antiquities. The scientific processing of archaeological material was carried out by Metropolitan Evgeniy, Fundukley, Zakrevsky, Sementovsky, Archpriest Lebedintsev and Prof. Lashkarev, who studied the archeology of Kyiv churches, gr. Uvarov, Dal, gr. Stroganov and Artleben explained the church architecture of Vladimir-Suzdal, I. E. Zabelin and the same gr. Stroganov made an attempt to explain Moscow churches (Russian art and architecture in Russia from the 10th to the 18th centuries). On iconography, the most solid works belong to the bishop. Porfiry, I.P. Sakharov, prof. Buslaev, Filimonov and Kondakov. Prof. Golubinsky made an attempt in his “History of the Russian Church” to summarize Russian church archeology and give a strictly scientific explanation of the monuments of Byzantine-Russian antiquity until the 18th century. Recently, the late prof. has come to the fore with his archaeological works. Novorossiysk University N. E. Krasnoseltsev and prof. St. Petersburg spirit. acad. N.V. Pokrovsky. The first belongs to the following studies: “Essays on the history of the Christian church. First issue. Architecture and internal arrangement of Christian churches before Justinian"; “On the origin of the Christian church”; “Essays on Ancient Christian Art on the Monuments of Underground Rome,” a study presenting a public presentation of De Rossi’s work “Roma sotteranea,” “Bas-reliefs of ancient Christian sarcophagi and their liturgical significance,” “Ancient Christian tombs in Rome”; “Church archeology at Russian archaeological congresses”, etc. Almost all of the listed works were published in the journal “Orthodox Interlocutor” in the period from 1874–87. The scientific works of N.V. Pokrovsky began with the study “The Origin of the Ancient Christian Basilica”, followed by “The Last Judgment in the Monuments of Byzantine and Russian Art”, “Miniatures of the Gospel of the Gelati Monastery” XII century”, “Wall paintings in ancient Greek and Russian churches”, “The Gospel in monuments of iconography, mainly Byzantine and Russian”, “Essays on monuments of iconography and art” (2nd ed. 1900), “Front icon-painting original of the Anthony of Siya Monastery” I-V issue; “On the facial iconographic original and its significance for modern church art.”