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4 hours. The suffering of St. John the Bulgarian Blessed John was from Bulgaria 137. The Turks are trying with all their might, or rather they tried in the past, to convert Christians to Mohammedanism, by the way, and according to such a clever belief. In heaven, they say, there will be no fire to light a pipe, and you will have to get it from Gehenna - a long walk. If anyone manages to convert a Christian to Islamism: the one converted to Mohammedanism will be in heaven, but as a traitor to his faith he will turn into a pillar of fire and - it will be easy for the Turks to light their pipes 138 . How this belief expresses the bestial laziness of Mohammedanism, and at the same time the involuntary recognition of the dignity of the Christian faith! With such a high belief, the Turks somehow managed to bring John to the point where he renounced the faith of Christ. - The unfortunate man, after a little time, came to his senses and, bitterly mourning his sin, came to Athos to the Lavra of St. Afanasia. Here he began to struggle in repentance, subordinating himself to one elder. For three years he lived as a strict novice towards himself, but his conscience did not give him peace, he was constantly sad. Finally, unable to bear the reproaches of his conscience, he left St. mountain, arrived in Constantinople and, dressed in Turkish clothes, came to the mosque of Sofia. Here, in front of everyone, he began to perform the sign of St. cross and prayed the Christian prayer. Excited Turks run up to him and ask: what are you doing? The servant of Christ calmly replies that he is a Christian and prays in a Christian way - to Christ the Son of God and the only Savior of sinful people. The fanatics shout: be silent, be silent, - then they tried to persuade him to be a Mohammedan. The saint firmly answered that he would not change his confession; he said and will continue to say that without Christ Jesus there is no salvation. They took him to the courtyard of the mosque and cut off his head. St. John suffered martyrdom at the age of 19, in 1784. 26 hours. The suffering of St. Pannonians - Irenaeus, Bishop of Srem, Eusebius Bishop and Pullius, Reader of the Kivali Although the Slavic county and the Slovenes (Rhaetians) and Norica were enslaved by the Romans under Augustus; but the conquered Slavs, with the exception of a few, were left in their places 139. So they listened to the first sermon of the Gospel on an equal basis with their conquerors, and almost more willingly than the latter. St. Andronicus, relative of St. Paul and before him believed in Christ (Rom. XVI, 17), was the first preacher of St. faith in Pannonia 140. There were already martyrs here under Diocletian. Such was St. Irenaeus, bishop of Srem, the main city of the lower county, suffered for Christ, in 304 141 Before accepting the priesthood, Blessed. Irenaeus was married and had children. The high qualities of his soul, his strict life, his education, which earned him respect, elevated him to the cathedral - even in his young years. – The many relatives, close and distant, who surrounded him during his martyrdom, show that he was a native Slav in Srem, and not an alien Roman. Having become a saint, he devoted himself entirely to serving the Lord and his flock and lived as a virgin. He zealously taught those who came to him, announced the truth of Christ and openly preached Christ, regardless of the pagan power 142. Following the orders of Diocletian, Probus, the regional commander of Pannonia, ordered Bishop Irenaeus to be brought to him. When the saint appeared to him, Probus announced: the sacred laws command everyone to make sacrifices to the gods. “Whoever makes a sacrifice to the gods, and not to God, will perish,” answered Irenaeus. “The will of the merciful emperors is such,” said Probus, “that either sacrifices be made to the gods or the stubborn suffer execution.” Irenaeus answered: “The will of the true God is such that I endure all kinds of suffering, but do not make sacrifices to the gods.” Irenaeus was subjected to severe torture. - What do you say, Irenaeus? - said the prefect, - make a sacrifice. “I offer a sacrifice of good confession to my God, to whom I constantly performed sacred acts,” answered Irenaeus. “The saint’s parents came and, seeing that he was being tormented, begged him to have pity on his youth. Here the children, hugging his legs, said: have pity on yourself and us, father; there the wife and mother begged. Relatives were crying, family members were moaning, neighbors and friends were crying.” But the saint remained firm. “Know,” he said, “neither your love nor threats to power will force me to violate the will of my Lord.” “Bend down on these tears, give smart advice to your youth,” said the prefect. “I always advise you not to sacrifice to idols,” answered the courageous Irenaeus. Probus ordered him to be taken to prison. There he stayed for many days and was subjected to various tortures. At one time, at midnight, the prefect was sitting in court and the most blessed martyr Irenaeus was brought here. Probus said: make a sacrifice, Irenaeus, to avoid torment. “Do what the truth demands, and don’t expect that from me,” answered the saint. Probus, in anger, ordered him to be beaten with sticks. Irenaeus said: “From my youth I learned to honor my God; I honor Him, who strengthens me in everything; but I cannot honor man-made gods.” The prefect again tried to shake his firmness with a reminder of those close to his heart, especially his children. “My children have a God who can preserve them,” answered the saint. “Have mercy on yourself, young man,” said the prefect. “Do what you want; you will see what patience the Lord Jesus Christ will give me,” answered the saint. Probus said: I will pronounce the sentence. “I will be grateful,” answered Irenaeus. “I order Irenaeus, who disobeys the imperial decrees, to be thrown into the river,” said the prefect; then he added - and decapitate him with a sword. “I thank you, Lord Jesus Christ, who grants patience of sorrows and participation in eternal glory,” said the confessor. When he came to the bridge called Bosvetsky 143, he took off his clothes and raised his hands to the sky, praying: “Lord Jesus Christ, who deigned to suffer for the salvation of the world! may the angels receive the soul of Your servant Irenaeus, who suffers for Your name and for Your people of the Church of Srem; I pray to Thy mercy to accept me and confirm them in Thy faith.” - Then he was decapitated with a sword and thrown into the river. Savu. Servant of God St. Irenaeus, bishop of the city of Srem, suffered on the 8th Ides of April (March 26) under the emperor. Diocletians, during the reign of our Lord Jesus Christ. Prefect Probus began persecution of the clergy. He ordered St. Montanus, the presbyter of the Singidun (Belgrade) church, who had long practiced Christian virtues, to cut off chapter 144, and Irenaeus, the bishop of the Srem church, to be escorted to heavenly glory. But his cruelty was not satisfied with that. This is what the story about St. says. Pullier. According to other news, it turns out that the Pannonian church was then decorated with many martyrs. According to the martyrologies, Feb. 23 in Srem, 62 sufferers performed the feat of martyrdom, whose names remained unknown 145. "St. Irenaeus, first tormented by cruel tortures, then languishing in prison for many days, was deprived of his head on the 8th calendar of April,” otherwise March 25,146. Presbyter Montan and his wife Maxima were thrown into the river on March 26 and on the same day they completed their feat 40 of his friends 147. On April 9, 7 virgins were crowned together in Srem; these were “sanctified virgins” - deaconesses 148. And on the same day, five other virgins suffered in Srem, also Fortunatus, Donatus and six others 149. – St. Pullius suffered on April 28, 150. After him, they were crowned with the crown of martyrdom on July 4 “St. Innocent and Savvatia with 30 others" 151. Prob decided, says the note about St. Pullier, go around the neighboring towns. When he arrived in the city of Kivalis (on a tributary of the Sava), where Eusebius, the bishop of the Kivalis church 152, suffered during a previous persecution, then on the same day the chief of the readers, Pullius, was captured. -What is your name? – Probus asked him. “A Christian,” answered Pullius. – What is your position? – asked the prefect. Pullius answered: “chief of the readers.” “Are these the ones,” said Probus, “who persuade frivolous wives not to marry?” “You can experience our lightness now,” answered Pullius, and added: “those are frivolous who, having abandoned their Creator, are content with ceremonial beliefs; but the truly pious are firm in their loyalty to the eternal King and fulfill His commandments even in the midst of torment.” -What are these commandments? – asked the prefect. “These are those,” said the confessor, “who point out one God in the sky and make it clear that wood and stone cannot be God; these are those who strengthen the righteous in virtue and holy. virgins are taught to achieve the highest perfection; a pure wife is taught moderation in childbearing; they are ordered to carry out the just commands of their superiors, forgive their enemies, and take care of the poor.” “What good is it,” said Probus, “if a person is deprived of all bodily pleasures?” Pullius answered: “Eternal light is better than earthly light, and unchanging pleasures are sweeter than perishing ones; and it is not smart to prefer the past to the eternal.” - But what about that? “Fulfill the will of the emperor, make a sacrifice,” said Probus. “I cannot do this,” answered Pullius, “the will of God alone is above all.” “You will be executed by the sword if you do not make a sacrifice,” said the prefect. “Do what you are commanded,” answered the confessor, “I should follow in the footsteps of the bishops, presbyters and all the fathers.” The prefect pronounced the sentence to burn Pullius. The servants grabbed the martyr and he fearlessly, glorifying God, accomplished his feat in 304 on the same day on which Bishop Eusebius died as a martyr 153. Attila, who removed (in 441) the Roman yoke from the Slavs, greatly weakened Christianity in Pannonia with his steppe paganism; The cruel Obra-Huns spread pagan darkness. Under Attila, his ambassador in Constantinople was Orestes, a natural Pannonian Slav and a Christian by name, and his translator was Vigalas-Vigilius; with him among the top officials were Negish and Skotan 154. Then the further it went, the worse it became, until the Slavic enlighteners Cyril and Methodius 155 appeared here. 28 hours Memory of St. George the Bishop, Presbyters Parod and Peter and Prince Boyan, Bulgarian Martyrs When Grubosh (Krum), the Bulgarian prince, having taken several cities of the Greek empire, won (June 29, 813) a victory over the Greek army near Odrin (Andrianople), then, going himself to Constantinople, he entrusted the siege of Odrin to his son Shaved, or Krutogon, and the fate of the captives was given to the military leader Tsok 156. Among the prisoners, of whom there were more than 100,000 157, there were also Christians from the Slavs. These were the parents of the future emperor Basil the Macedonian and Basil himself at that time still a young man 158. “The wonderful bishop (Manuel of Adrianople) and the people who were with him led many of the Bulgarians to the faith of Christ and sowed the seeds of Christian teaching here and there, distracted the Slavs from pagan delusion and led them to the light of knowledge of God” 159. When Tsok saw that the captives were so successfully spreading the faith of the Greeks, who had become hated especially for the ignoble, treacherous act of Lev the Armenian with Grubosh: Tsok, as cruel as he was a fanatic of paganism, demanded that famous Christians renounce Christ. 377 Christians, among them two military leaders, willingly accepted martyrdom. First of all, Manuel, Bishop of Adrianople 160, was martyred. George, Bishop of Debelogo, otherwise Zagora, one of the cities of Slavic Thrace, and so on. bishop of the Slavs, also died a martyr 161. Among the affected priests is Presbyter Parod - a Slav by name; Peter served as priest in the Slavic city of Mglin and the Bulgarians especially honor this martyr to this day: near Ternov there is a monastery of St. Peter Mglinsky 162. The time of Grubosh was very important in the history of the South Slavs. Their rulers, especially in the political struggle with the Greeks, still fanatically protected paganism, although one of them, Prince Tserig, in 777, leaving his own, was baptized in Constantinople by the Slavic Patriarch Nikita 163. And among the Slavic people, St. the faith already had tens and hundreds of thousands of its admirers, especially after the sermon taught by the captives of Grubosh to the Slavs 164. Grubosh's son Shaved, otherwise Krutogon, made peace with the empire and released the captives 165. Kinnamon, beautiful in appearance and even more beautiful in soul, liked Shaved and he kept Kinnamon with him. The prince did not like the fact that he was a Christian; but he thought that with affection and favors he would persuade him to a pagan life. Meanwhile, Kinnamon had the opportunity to educate the young Bulgarian prince Boyana, the martyr of St. faith. When the solemn sacrifice was being made, Kinnamon was invited among the Slavic nobility to participate in the sacrifice. A sincere Christian answered: “You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons” (1 Cor. 10:20). He was brought by force to the place of the victim. He boldly explained the insignificance of the pagan gods and the criminal stupidity of worshiping them. They made a furious noise against him, beat him cruelly and threw him into a stinking prison. Shaven was not against Christians; having made peace with the empire, he turned against the Germans and in 824 saved the emperor. Michael from the rebel Thomas 166. - And yet Kinnamon, due to the anger of the fanatics of paganism, remained in prison until the death of Shaven (†826). When Obritago's son, Malomir, otherwise Vladimir, ascended the Bulgarian throne, his brother Boyan, who had known Kinnamon for a long time, asked Malomir to find and send Kinnamon to him. His wish was fulfilled. Boyan, seeing Kinnamon, was amazed that he was extremely exhausted and emaciated. Kinnamon explained that it does not matter if the body is tired, but it is very dangerous if the soul is tired. - Why did you suffer so much? - asked the prince. Kinnamon replied that he had not done anything bad, only darkness does not like light. In a long conversation, a sincere and enlightened Christian explained to the pagan prince the wickedness of Slavic paganism and the destruction of pagan life, as well as the inevitable need of Christianity for human eternity. “The God of heaven and earth,” said the Christian, “is humiliated and insulted by the worship of the idiot Perun; the sun is God’s creation, and God forbid; fire is also a creation of God, and not God svarog 167; all paganism is the work of sinful humanity, which, according to the movements of passions and to please passions, invented gods. Sacrifice and washing do not cleanse the sinful soul, but only feed the sinful flesh 168. Without Christ Jesus there is no light for the mind, no life for the soul. He alone is both the Teacher of mankind and our Savior, who reconciled the truth of God with His death with guilty humanity. Don't you want to die for yourself? Believe in the Lord Jesus. Boyan joyfully accepted baptism and began to devote his life to prayer, contemplation of God, and fasting. – Malomir, having learned about his brother’s conversion to Christianity, demanded that he renounce the Greek faith with all his persistence. “I would rather accept death than decide to live the life of a pagan; I honor Christ my Savior and I will die for Him,” Boyan answered. The ruling pagan prince condemned the Christian brother to death. The confessor, going to the place of execution, was filled with the prophetic spirit. “The faith,” he said in the hearing of everyone, “for which I am now losing my life, will spread throughout the entire Bulgarian country. It is in vain that they think of stopping it with my death. The sign of the cross will be placed in every place; and the idols and their altars and churches will disappear. It’s a pity that my brother Malomir will soon lose his life.” - The prediction was fulfilled, and first of all for his brother: Malomir soon died completely unexpectedly († 830); The martyr prince died from the blow of a sword 169. The suffering of St. John - in the Athonite Patericon, 2: 215, 216. Savelyeva Slavic collection pp. 117–119, 261–274. Rev. Nestor: “Illurik is Slovenian, Norzi is Slovenian. The Slovenians settled down along the Dunaevi, where there is now Ugric and Bulgarian land.” Boguslav: Scribitur in vetustissimis codicibus, quod Pannonia sit mater et origo omnium Slavonicarum nationum. – Munich manuscript IX table, (in Safarik in Slav. ancient appendix. 79 part 1). Zerviani, quod tantum est regnum, ut ex eo cunctæ gentes Sclavorum exortæ sint. Warnefried (VI, 52): Karniolia slavorum patria. Srem, the leader of the tribal Serbs, who left his name behind the city. Srem, bravely defended himself against Alexander the Great, who then crossed through the country of the lords (παναιος) to Macedonia (Strabo VII, 3. Arrian 1, 3). According to the Ptolemaic map of Pannonia (147) and other ancient monuments, the names of cities, mountains, tracts, rivers of Pannonia are all Slavic. Temporary X: 100, 101; XVI, 69–74. Katanich Specimen philologiæ et geographiæ Pannoniorum. Zag zabiæ 1795. Solarich The Romans glorified, Khark. 1818. As for the words of Kecapius about the Slavs: it was in vain that they considered (Venelin 2: 205, 281. Christ. Reading 1859 2, 153) the writer of conversations to be the brother of St. Gregory the Theologian. The writer, known to St. Photius, who uses the church song: Holy God, should be recognized as a contemporary of St. Maximus († 662). But even in this form, his words about the Slavs are important. Greek text and Slavic translation of the 14th century. - in the description Synod. RKP. No. 129. Nestor: “The teacher of the Slovenian language is Andronicus the Apostle, his table is in Pania” - in Pannonia. Collection l. 1: 11, 12. There are two pieces of news about him in the prologue, one on March. 26 incorrect, other Aug. 23 is correct, taken from Vasiliev’s menology; in Chety Minya Mar. 26. description close to a modern note. An eyewitness note about martyrdom - in Genshen Act. sanct. mart. r. 555, in Ruinart Acta martyrum sinc. 2, 220–224. Menologium Basilii ad 23 August. In 1807, a parchment collection from the 10th century was found in Bavaria; in it there are two confessions and a teaching in the Slavic language, with differences in the Serbian dialect, written in Latin letters. The teaching is the same as that placed in the prologue under April 25th. Confessions and teachings are examples of instructions offered to newly baptized Slavs. Part of the teaching ed. Sreznevsky in Ancient. Prokhorov 1864 p. 124. This is how they studied in Pannonia under St. Irenaeus! The Bosvet river, where Srem was located, flowed into the river somewhat below the city. Savu. About ancient Singidun - new Belgrade, a detailed study in Glasnik V, 113–211. Sigin-dum - house, dwelling of Sigin, a Czech Slav. Slavs at Sigindon near Mauritius. Simocatta hist. lib. VI, § 2–6. Belgrade in 885 according to the life of St. Clement. In lat. Patrol. T. 123, 124. Martyr. Adonis p. 231, 232. Martyr. Usuardi p. 787–791. According to the Roman martyrology on February 23. “in Srem the suffering of 72 martyrs.” Ado. r. 242. Usuardus r. 872, 873. Ado. r. 242. Usuard r. 887. In Adon it is written: Montani presbyteri, qui cum Maxima uxore sua tentus et in fluvium pvæcipitatus est. In Jerome's Martyrology, Maxima is also named the wife of Presbyter Montanus. Usuard does not call her Montana's wife, is it because the priests did not begin to live with their wives? Vandalbert is precise: Septima Montanum memorat cum conjuge sancta Atque simul quadragena cum martyre passum. Baronius in the Roman Martyrology on February 23. Montanus is called a presbyter, and then it is shown: “also (the suffering of) the holy martyrs Codratus, Theodosius, Emanuel and 40 others.” Martyr. romanum. r. 153. Ado r. 246. Usuard r. 918, 12. Martyrology of Jerome and Adon. March. Jerome, Adon and Usuard. Jerome, Usuard. Also from Baronius in the Roman martyrology. The “former persecution” was the persecution of Valerian 257–258 Cibalis-Kival. Martyrdom of Pullius at Ruinart in act. Mart. sinc. 2. 225–228. The description says: de qua (urbe Cibalitarum) Valentinianus Christianissimus imperator oriundus esse cognoscitur. Valentinian was the Western emperor 364–385. It is clear that the now known edition of the martyrdom was compiled no earlier than 364. As for the Christian names: Irenaeus, Eusebius, Montanus and others: Savelyev also rightly noted (Slavic collection pp. 261, 262) that like the name of St. Theodosius of Pechersk or Leontius, the growth. shows that the names were given by ministers of the Orthodox Eastern Church, and not that Theodosius is a Greek: so the names of the martyrs of Srem and others only indicate that then the preachers of the faith gave names to those being baptized, both Greek and Latin. The embassy of Priscus, described by himself, is in Venelin: Ancient and modern Bulgarians, vol. 1, pp. 111–142. M. 1856. Stritteri Slavica § 50, 53–55. Avarica. Qvercius de bello avarico. Chertkov about the Manasseh Chronicle pp. 87–96. About Svyatoslav's war pp. 143–145. Even after January 814, more than 12,000 prisoners were taken by Krum to Bulgaria, and another part of Krum’s army took another 50,000 - Chertkov about the Manasseh Chronicle. 92. The main location of Hrubosha is Shumen, from which Shumla was later formed. Kedrin 2, 558. Zonara 2, 163. Basil the Macedonian is recognized as a Slav by the Arab writer Hamza and the Byzantine Genesius. According to the latter, Vasily the farmer loved to fight “to cut.” The translator of the Manasseh Chronicle says that imp. Vasily was “from the village of Belipra, near the present right city of Macedon” (in Chertkov, p. 23), while, according to the monk George, “he was born in Macedonia, in the district of Adrianople” (p. 396), in the words of Simeon the logothete, “he was a Macedonian by birth, an Adrianopolitan by birth” (p. 326). According to Kedrin (2, 399), imp. Mikhail, attempting to return Odrin, did not want to use battered towers, otherwise “the Scythians living around Adrianople” would not learn to operate these machines. – Thus, the villages located around Odrin at the end of the 8th century consisted of Scythian-Slavic inhabitants and Macedonia meant the country of the Slavs, as in ancient times. - Near Adrianople mountains. Bersinitsia-Berevnitsa (796 and 813 by Feofan), the Gama-Beregava mountain pass (678 by Feofan). Constantine porphyrogenite in vita Basilli p. 135, 136. Also Kedrin 2, 558. In Vasily’s menology on January 21: “at the imp. Leo the Armenian Krum, the Bulgarian prince, with many people, besieged Adrianople of Thracia and took St. Manuel the Bishop. First he ordered his hands to be cut off, then he was cut up with a sword and given to the beasts for food. For this wickedness he fell into hatred from his people and was strangled with a rope. “The wicked Tsok, who assumed power over the Bulgarians, gathered all the captured Christians, governors, priests, and ordinary laymen, and forced them to renounce the Christian faith. The Bulgarians were not yet Christians at that time. “When they did not want to fulfill his will, he ordered some to be beheaded, others to be killed with cruel executions.” There is a lot that is wrong here. Grubosh died, suffocated by a rush of blood, on Friday of the holy week of April. 14, 814 (Krug Byzantin. chronol. S. 156). Since St. Manuel died on January 22, and in this month 814 Leo the Armenian wanted to kill Grubosh by deception, then the martyrdom of St. Manuel followed, of course, after the revealed deception, Jan. 22, 814 - After Hrubosh, his son Shaved, otherwise Krutogon and Murtagon, inherited the throne. Tsok was never a sovereign prince, but only a military leader. The name Tsoka is still common among Bulgarians. Slav. the translation of the synaxarion of 1340 (Zap. Acad. VI, 110) is incorrect to the original; but the remarkable things about it are Odrin grad Fracski, Krug, Blgarski prince. Theophan (Ar. Asseman. 2, 332) clearly says that St. George was taken in 811 when the city of Zagora was taken. Not only the Menaion (extracts in act. Sanct Iannuar. 2: 441, 442), but also Constantine Porphyrogenite (Vita Basilli p. 136) attribute the death of St. George and others already by the time of Shaved. But did the Shaven One torture Christians? Since Shaven was always more disposed towards Christians than his father and the prisoners were entrusted to Grubosh Tsok: the torment of Christians is rightly attributed in the monthly book of Vasily Tsok. Sl. approx. 23. Grigorovich's journey p. 175. Stritteri Bulgarica r. 529–532. Slavica r. 81, 82. Baronius ad an. 772. Chertkov about the years of Manasseh. pp. 77–80. Leo the Wise (Tactic, p. 18) wrote: “and the Slavs in ancient times were free when they lived beyond the Danube. But the Romans defeated the Slavs, who lived a shepherd’s life and before they crossed the Danube, they were submissive to the yoke of Roman power... Having crossed (from across the Danube) they no longer wanted to submit to anyone other than their own; they thought that it was better to be under the authority and laws of the prince of their tribe than under the Romans. So they remain the same to our times, although they accepted the consecration of St. baptism." About the time of the return of the Slavs to Macedonia and Epirus - in the Bulgarian translation of the Manasseh Chronicle. Here it refers to the time of imp. Anastasia (491–518). See Chertkov’s words about the Chronicle of Manasseh. p. 39 and in Journal. m. 1837 III, 364. Codin on the buildings of the constants. “Damian’s monastery was built by Damian, a Slav by birth, prefect of the bed guards under the emperor. Theophilus the Iconoclast (829–841)” ed. Beck. r. 116. In the article Christ. Thurs. 1858 II 141, 216, 269: “about the beginning of Christianity, its spread and establishment (?) among the Bulgarians” a lot of correct information has been collected, but there are many omissions and errors. Constantine de vita Basilii r. 136, 137. Peace was concluded and the captives were released in 817. Assemani calend. 2: 353, 359. George the monk, according to some lists, says that Krum put obstacles to the return of prisoners; but in other lists the one who hindered is named Κομις - Komis, count (Stritteri Bulgarica § 73). You can’t help but recognize the cute Tsok in this committee. Manasseh Chronicle in Chertkov pp. 95–97. About the deities of the Bulgarian saints. Gregory in the translation of the Malal Chronicle by K. Obolensky, in the preface. pp. 16, 17. M. 1851. Sl. Chernig. diocesan news of 1863 pp. 521, 524, 525; 1864 p. 32. Something about the religion of the Slavs from Kolesnikov: Review of Byzantine news about the life of the pagan Slavs, pp. 208–213. Experiences of students Kharkov. university. Kharkiv 1848 About Svarog Ditmara Safarik in his amendments: Slavs. ancient V, 271–276. Semeon Logofet: “Krum, according to the custom of the people, having arranged a sacrifice outside the golden gates, sacrificed a lot of livestock and people; Then, dipping his feet by the seashore, he washed himself in water and cleansed his people.” Stritteri Bulgarica r. 554. About the Russians, Svyatoslav Leo the Deacon: “while celebrating the festival, they killed babies and roosters, immersing them in the waters of the Danube.” Hist. IX. r. 149 ed. Bon. Theophylact's Life of the Martyrs (op. 3, 477 s. Venet. 1656) translated by Savelyev (Slavic collection, St. Petersburg, 1848), who was the first to explain the Byzantine confusion about the Bulgarian princes, but not everywhere successfully. A detailed study of the origin of the Bulgarians. Uvarova: De bulgarorum utrorumque origine et sedibus antiquissimis, Dorpatiæ 1853. The writer, familiar with sources and manuals, proves that the Danube Bulgarians are Slavs and their homeland is the Carpathians, while the homeland of the Volga Bulgarians is the Caucasus.