Глава XIII

The new leader and ruler of Judea is Simon (cf. Antt. XIII, 6, 3, 4) (1 Mac. 13:1–11). The fight against Tryphon (cp. Antt. XII, 6, 5 etc.) (1 Mac. 13:12–24). The burial of Jonathan at Modin and the commemoration of the Maccabees with a magnificent monument (1 Mac. 13:25–30). The murder of Antiochus by Tryphon and the seizure of his crown (1 Mac. 13:31–32). Simon's strengthening of Judea, negotiations with Demetrius (1 Mac. 13:33–40). Complete freedom from the yoke of the Gentiles (1 Mac 13:41–42). Possession of Gaza (cf. Antt. XIII, 6, 7) (1 Mac. 13:43–48). Capture of the Jerusalem fortress (1 Mac. 13:49–53). 1 Mac 13:1 Simon heard that Tryphon had gathered a large army to go into the land of Judea and destroy it. “Ruin” the country – έκτρίβειν γίν – “crush” (glory), wipe it down to the ground – with new devastations, robberies, captivities and beatings of its inhabitants, cf. Art. 20 ; XIV: 31. 1Mac 13:2 And seeing that the people were in fear and trembling, he went up to Jerusalem and gathered the people together. “The people” – τον ​​λαόν – in the person of its representatives and influential men. 1Mac 13:3 And encouraging them, he said to them: You yourselves know how much I and my brothers and my father’s house have done for these laws and holy things, you know the wars and oppressions that we have experienced. “My father’s house” – brothers, children and generally relatives of Mattathias (II:16). 1Mac 13:4 Therefore all my brothers died for Israel, and I was left alone. Simon considers Jonathan to be dead here, without any hope of his release, although his killing occurred later (cf. κΧΙΙ, 50). – The death of other brothers is described: VI: 43 etc.; IX: 16 ff., 38, 42. 1 Mac 13:5-11 And now let it not be that I should spare my life during all the time of oppression, for I am no better than my brothers. But I will take revenge for my people and for the sanctuary, and for our wives and for our children, for all nations have united to destroy us out of hostility. And the spirit of the people was inflamed as soon as they heard such words; and they answered with a loud voice, and said, Thou art our leader in the place of Judah and Jonathan thy brother. Fight our war, and whatever you tell us, we will do it. Then he gathered all the men of war, and hastened to finish the walls of Jerusalem and strengthened it on all sides. Then he sent Jonathan, the son of Absalom, and with him a sufficient number of troops to Joppa, and he drove out those who were there and remained there. According to XII:33 et al., Simon had previously taken Joppa and left a Jewish detachment in it. However, there is no contradiction here, since we are talking here about strengthening the Joppa garrison, and the expelled, “those who were in it,” that is, the fortress, do not mean the detachments of Demetrius or Tryphon, but probably those of the inhabitants of the city, regarding whom it could be feared that they would surrender the city to Tryphon (Antt. XIII, 6, 3). 1 Mac 13:12-13 Meanwhile Tryphon rose up from Ptolemais with a large army to enter the land of Judea; Jonathan was with him in custody. Simon set up his camp under Adidas opposite the plain. 1 Mac.13:14-15 When Tryphon learned that Simon had taken the place of Jonathan his brother and intended to enter into battle with him, he sent messengers to him to say: For the silver that your brother Jonathan owed to the royal treasury for the needs that he had, we have kept him. The reference to Jonathan's debt was only an excuse, an insidious (v. 17) justification for his cruel intentions, correctly interpreted earlier (XII:40) and well understood by Simon. The plausibility of this reference to the house of Jonathan was presented in his promise to Demetrius of 300 talents for the liberation of Judea from taxes (XI: 28). However, Tryphon could not make such claims already because Demetrius was eliminated by him, and Antiochus, newly installed by him, confirmed the rights of Jonathan without the previous conditions and any monetary obligations (XI: 57). 1Mac 13:16-18 Now therefore have they come a hundred talents of silver, and his two sons as hostages, lest he be released, and be separated from us, and we will let him go. Simon understood that they were speaking to him treacherously, but he sent silver and children so as not to incur great hatred from the people, who would say: because I did not send him silver and children, Jonathan died. Despite all the confidence that Tryphon is treacherous, Simon still sends him money and hostages in order to remove all responsibility for his brother, and so that the people can see that he does not put either money or his superiors above the life of the unfortunate captive. 1 Mac 13:19-20 So he sent children and a hundred talents; but Tryphon deceived and did not let Jonathan go. After this, Tryphon went to enter the country and destroy it, and took a roundabout route to Adara. But Simon and his army followed him wherever he went. Adora - ' Αδορα - 2 Chronicles XI: 9 - present-day Dura - a village 2 1 2 hours west of Hebron, then probably belonged to Idumea. From here Tryphon hoped to better penetrate the mountains of Judea and break through to Jerusalem from Hebron. 1 Mac 13:21 But those who were in the fortress sent messengers to Tryphon to induce him to come to them through the desert and send them food supplies. “Those who were in the fortress...”, i.e. Jerusalem, which had already begun to feel a severe shortage of supplies, cut off by a wall from all communication with the city (XII:36). - “Through the desert...”, i.e., the Judean Desert, on the western side of the Dead Sea. 1 Mac 13:22 And Tryphon prepared all his cavalry to go that same night, but there was very much snow, and he did not go because of the snow, but rose up and went to Gilead. In response to the request of the starving people, Tryphon equipped “all his cavalry” for the campaign “that same night,” apparently with supplies. But the “very heavy snow” that fell that night upset this enterprise. Snow falls quite frequently in Jerusalem and the surrounding area, especially in January and February, sometimes to a depth of a foot or more. But it almost never stays for long. In February 1797, as a rare exception, deep snow lay for 12–13 days in Jerusalem, in 1818 - for 5 days, a foot deep. 1Mac 13:23 And when he approached Beskama, he slew Jonathan, and he was buried there. Vaskama, near which Jonathan died, Greek. Βασκαμά (in Jos. Βασκά) is completely unknown. 1 Mac 13:24–27 And Tryphon returned and went into his own land. Then Simon sent and took the bones of Jonathan his brother, and buried them in Modin, the city of his fathers. And all Israel mourned him with bitter weeping, and they mourned over him for many days. And Simon erected a building over the tomb of his father and his brothers and built it high, for the sake of appearance, of cut stone on the front and back, “For appearance's sake...” – τή "οράσει – glor.: “exalt him with vision...”, i.e., so that he is better visible. 1Mac 13:28 And he built upon it seven pyramids, one opposite the other, for the father and mother and the four brothers; “Seven pyramids... to father and mother and four brothers...” - the seventh, therefore, for himself, in the hope that it will be laid there. 1 Mac.13:29 He made elaborate decorations on them, placing high pillars around them, and on the pillars full armor for eternal memory, and next to the weapons were sculptured ships, so that they were visible to everyone sailing on the sea. “Sculpted ships...” were supposed to represent the maritime communication between the Jews and foreign nations that opened with the capture of Joppa. 1 Mac 13:30 This tombstone, which he made at Modin, stands to this day. “It stands to this day...”, that is, until the time of the writer of our book. Since Modin lay near Lydda (see II: 1), and the mausoleum built there could be visible from the sea, it is believed that it lay either on the site of the current village of el Burdsch, where at the highest point of the mountain travelers recently noticed two pyramid-shaped heaps of garbage, from which a beautiful view of the sea opened up, - or even more likely - on the site of the present el Midjeh (otherwise el Mediyeh), at 2 1 2 hours east of Lydda, where traces of graves and tombs are still visible, called Kubur el Iahud - the graves of the Jews. From this place not only does one have a clear view of the sea, but in general its height was very convenient in order, without resorting to excessive height of the pyramids, to make them clearly visible from the sea, which is only 3 1 2 miles distant from here, especially when illuminated by the rays of the sun. 1Mac 13:31 Tryphon set off with the young king Antiochus with cunning and killed him, The writer places the event of the killing of young Antiochus by Tryphon immediately after the capture and killing of Jonathan, and before the further mentioned XIV: 1 et d. campaign of Demetrius to Media, where he died. Josephus Flavius ​​is much more correct - in agreement with Diod. Sic. (in Mulleri Fragm. hist. gr. II, p. XIX, Nr. 25), Appian. Syr. 68 and Justin, Hist. XXXVI, 1, 7 – places the death of Antiochus after the campaign of Demetrius and his death in Media. In fact, Demetrius reigns in 167 AD. Sat down. (XI:19), and around the same time (after Demetrius disbanded the troops, XI: 38–40 and 54) Tryphon makes little Antiochus king, who had - according to Liv. Epit. LII – only two years; and since - according to another testimony Liv. Epit. XV - Antiochus died as a ten-year-old boy, then, therefore, he reigned for eight years. Meanwhile, Demetrius, who reigned in any case earlier than Antiochus, reigned, judging by the data of the book (cf. X:67 and XIV:1), for only 7 years. Obviously, either the reign of Antiochus must be less than 8 years, or the time of his death must be postponed beyond the death of Demetrius in Media - at least by one year. 1Mac 13:32 And he reigned in his stead, and took upon himself the crown of Asia, and brought about a great slaughter on the earth. 1 Mac.13:31–32: “Tryphon set out on his journey with deceit…”, έπορεύετο δόλφ, more precisely glorified: “desiring flattery...”, i.e. treated flatteringly, similar to the expression πορεύεσθαι σοφία (Proverbs XXVIII: 26) - “walk in wisdom” - apostolic: “walk with wisdom among those who are outside...” - “the crown of Asia...”, as in VIII: 6. 1Mac 13:33-36 And Simon built fortresses in Judea, fortifying them with high towers and great walls, gates and bars, and stored food supplies in the fortresses. Then Simon chose men and sent them to Tsar Demetrius to ask him to make the country easier, for all of Tryphon’s deeds were predatory. And King Demetrius sent him an answer to these words and wrote the following letter: “King Demetrius To Simon, the high priest and friend of the kings, and the elders and the people of Judah, rejoice. “To the friend of kings...”, φίλω βασιλέων. – Plural – βασιλέων – here probably wants to say that Simon should have the dignity of a “friend” not only under Demetrius, but also under his successors in the kingdom. 1 Mac 13:37 We have received the golden crown and the palm branch sent by you and are ready to make complete peace with you and write to the director of the collections to release tribute to you. Simon sends Demetrius “a golden crown and a palm branch,” (την βαίνην), probably also made of pure gold (cf. 2 Mac XIV: 4). 1 Mac 13:38-39 And whatever we have decreed concerning you shall remain unalterable, and the fortresses which you have built shall belong to you. We also forgive you your unintentional misdeeds to this day and the crown tax that you are obliged to pay, and if anything else was collected in Jerusalem, it will no longer be collected. “Crown collection”, which was promised to be canceled by Demetrius I, Soter (to X:29). 1 Mac 13:40-42 And if there are any of you who are able to be enrolled among those who are with us, let them be enrolled, and let there be peace among us.” In the one hundred and seventieth year the yoke of the pagans was removed from Israel; and the people of Israel began to write in correspondence and treaties: “In the first year of Simon, the great high priest, leader and ruler of the Jews.” "In 170" e. Seleucus. - 143-142 BC - “Removing the yoke of the pagans” from Israel did not eliminate its supreme dependence on the Syrian king: this can be seen not only from the very tone of the royal message v. 36–40, but also from the further course of circumstances - XIV: 38 etc. - The high priest, according to the new state of affairs, was only an independent ruler of the affairs of his people, under the supremacy of the king of Syria, and received the title of “etnarch” (εθνάρχος, XIV:47; XV: 1 etc.). – No documents with the new reckoning of time established under Simon have been preserved, since the Seleucid era remained in use for official time marks (XIV: 27). – No coins of Simonov’s minting have survived. 1 Mac.13:43 At this time Simon attacked Gaza, surrounded it with an army, built siege engines and moved them towards the city, smashed one tower and took possession of it. “To Gaza...”, επί Γάζαν. The discrepancy here is recognized as more correct: επί Γάζαρα - “on Gazara”. This is supported by: firstly, the fact that when listing the merits of Simon (in XIV: 5 etc.) the acquisition and strengthening of Bethsura, Joppa and Gazara are directly noted. This same Gazara is also named even further among the conquests of Simon, which were contested by Antiochus VII (XV: 28; XIV: 1). Meanwhile, if there are clear passages about the conquest of Bethsura and Joppa (XI: 65 etc.; XII: 33 etc.), then the conquest of Gazara can only be assumed in this place, reading επί Γάζαρα instead of επί Γάζα. Secondly, as can be seen from v. 48, after taking the fortress, Simon built a dwelling for himself in it: with this, the fact that his son John settles in Gazar (53 v.) could not be more consistent. Thirdly, message XIV: 34 that Simon “fortified ... Gazara on the borders of Azoth, in which enemies had previously lived, and settled the Jews there,” obviously turns the thought to the previously described capture of this city (XIII: 47 etc.), and the very geographical addition to the name of the city leaves no doubt here that in XIII: 47 we are talking about the conquest of not Gaza, but Gazars. Finally, the entire subsequent (40 years later) war of the Jews with Gaza would have been a mystery if this fortress had already been taken and changed in the composition of its population. It is obvious from here that instead of Gaza, it is more correct to mean Gazara here. 1 Mac 13:44-48 But those who were in the car jumped into the city, and there was great commotion in the city. And the citizens with their wives and children ascended the wall, tearing their clothes, and cried out loudly, begging Simon to give them mercy, and said: Do not deal with us according to our evil deeds, but according to your mercy. And Simon had mercy on them, and did not fight with them, but only drove them out of the city, and cleansed the houses in which the idols were, and so entered the city with praises and blessings. And he threw out everything unclean from it, and settled there men who kept the law, and strengthened it, and built a dwelling in it for himself. “Everything unclean...”, Greek: πάσαν άκαθαρσίαν, slav. more precisely: “all uncleanness...”, i.e. all objects of idolatry and pagan wickedness. 1 Mac 13:49-50 But those who were in the fortress of Jerusalem were not allowed to enter or enter the country, neither to buy nor to sell, and they suffered a severe famine, and many of them died of hunger. Then they appealed to Simon for peace, and he gave it to them, but drove them out of there and cleansed the fortress from desecration, “They called out to Simon for peace...”, εβόησαν δεξιάς λαβείν, more precisely glorious: “they cried out to Simon for the right hand of acceptance...” 1Mac 13:51 And he went up into it on the twenty-third day of the second month of the hundred and seventy-first year with hymns, with palm branches, with harps, cymbals, and harps, with psalms and songs, for the great enemy of Israel was crushed. “On the 23rd day of the 2nd month of the 171st year” e. Seleucus. - 141 BC - “With palm branches”, as symbols of peace and triumph (cf. 2 Mac X: 7; John XII: 13). - “The great enemy of Israel has been crushed...” As long as the fortress of the Jewish capital was in the hands of the Syrians, the Jews, despite all their victories, could not consider their independence reliable. On the other hand, the achievement of this independence and the removal of the Syrian garrison from Jerusalem was the result of such a weakening of Syria that it was possible to talk about the “crushing” of this most important enemy of Israel. 1 Mac 13:52 And he ordained that this day should be celebrated every year with joy, and he strengthened the mount of the church, which was near the fortress, and he and those who were with him dwelt there. The establishment of an annual celebration of the day of the liberation of Jerusalem from the pagans (like IV:59) apparently did not remain in force for long; at least, nothing is mentioned about this holiday in subsequent times. 1Mac 13:53 When Simon saw that his son John had grown to manhood, he made him commander over all the armies and settled in Gazar. This son of Simon - John - the subsequent high priest - Prince John Hyrcanus. The books of Maccabees are translated from Greek because they are not in the Hebrew text.