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Rev. Stephen the Wonderworker and Hilarion the New Stefan the Wonderworker was the abbot of the Triglian monastery (in the vicinity of Constantinople) and for his refusal to renounce the veneration of icons, in 815, he was exiled by Emperor Leo the Armenian to prison, where he died. Hilarion, abbot of the Pelicite monastery near the city of Brussa, after the destruction of the monastery in 754, with other monks, was exiled and starved to death during the reign of Copronymus. St. torment. Jonah, Varachisia and the other nine with them These are the first known martyrs in Persia, who suffered in 327, during the reign of Sapor. For until now, Christianity had been tolerated in Persia, but when the Christian faith, together with Constantine, triumphed in the Roman Empire, the Persian government began to be suspicious of Christians. † Reverend Martyr Eustratius of Pechersk Blessed Eustratius was born in Kyiv, was a rich man; but following, as the blessed one writes. Simon, in the words of the Gospel: “No one who has been a warrior is obliged to purchase the purchases of this life,” distributed his property to the poor and, from a rich man becoming a beggar, entered the Cave Monastery, under the management of St. Antonia. He imposed a strict fast on himself and, following the example of the Lord, fasted for 40 days in a row, remaining in prayer. Such a feat of fasting gave him the name “faster.” In 1096, the predatory Cumans unexpectedly attacked Kyiv; they “lit, as eyewitness Nestor says, the monasteries of Stefanov and Gerasimov and came to the Pechersky Monastery, while after Matins we slept in our cells; raising a cry near the monastery, they placed two banners in front of the monastery gates; and we ran behind the monastery house, while others ran to the choir (on the floor). The godless children of Izmailov cut out the gates and broke down the doors of the cells and took out everything that they found in the cells. Then they set fire to the Lady’s houses, came to the church and set fire to the southern and northern doors, climbed into the porch at the tomb of Theodosius, grabbed the icons and blasphemed God and our law. God was patient with them: the measure of their sins was not yet fulfilled. They said: Where is their God? Let him help them. - They did not know that Christians must enter the Kingdom of Heaven through many sorrows; and these unclean and scolders, after enjoying the fun and space here, will suffer torment in the next world... They killed several of our brothers” 249. Then, among many, the Monk Eustratius was taken prisoner by the Polovtsians 250. But his suffering was not limited to the sorrows of a prisoner. Together with 30 Pechersky workers and 20 Kyivians, he was sold to the Kherson Jew. – Greedy for profits, the Jews then carried on an extensive trade in Christian slaves; resourceful traders bought them from various pagans - Polovtsians, Pechenegs, etc. and flooded the markets of Spain, Poland, and Asia with them 251. The Kherson Jew starved Eustratius and his comrades out of ordinary stinginess, and even more so, in order to force them to renounce Christ. Saint Eustratius strengthened his comrades in love for the Holy Faith with his instructions. And they decided to die rather than renounce Christ. One after another they died, some after three days, some after seven, and others after ten days. Evstratiy spent 14 days without food or drink and remained alive. The Jew was bursting with frustration and decided to avenge himself. When the Passover holiday arrived, the Jew opened the celebration by crucifying Eustratius; to the torment of the sufferer he added blasphemy against Christ: cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree, he shouted; other Jews also mocked the Christian martyr. Eustratius thanked the Lord for deigning him to suffer as He Himself suffered. “I believe,” he said, that the Lord will one day say to me, as He said to the thief: today you will be with Me in paradise. But vengeance will come upon you for my blood and for the blood of the Christians you bought.” The irritated Jew grabbed a spear and pierced the crucified Eustratius with it. The warrior of Christ gave up his spirit to the Lord. The body of the holy martyr was thrown into the sea. And his prophecy was soon fulfilled. The emperor issued a decree to drive the Jews out of the empire, take their property to the treasury, and put the elders to death for torturing Christians. This command came out on the occasion that one of the honorable Jews, having hypocritically accepted faith in Christ, was honored with the rank of Kherson eparch and after that gave complete freedom to the Jews to do what they wanted. The Jew who crucified Eustratius was hanged. Many of the Jews, witnesses to the martyrdom of Eustratius and the fulfillment of his prophecy, sincerely believed and were baptized. – The relics of St. Eustratius were found by believers and brought to Kiev, where they rest to this day, in the caves of St. Anthony 252. “Having been crucified first by the mortification of the flesh, and crucified from the Jews second, the mighty Eustratius, having also gained much boldness from Christ! deliver me from troubles" 253. † On the same day of St. Hilarion of Gdov Blessed Hilarion taught himself prayer and asceticism from the Monk Euphrosynus of Pskov. But then he became inflamed with zeal to found a monastery of prayer books where there was none, in the present Gdov district. In 1424, the Pskovites built a fortress in Gdov as a border guard against the Livonian Germans and Swedes 254. Hilarion founded the Pokrovsky-Ozersky Monastery in 1460 on the banks of the Zhelchi River. – The monastery had to fight both the scarcity of means of maintenance and the dangers from non-peaceful neighbors - the papists. It was not easy to live near the wild Estonians, and it was even harder from those who, under the name of faith, imposed on others the iron power of the pope and the same German one. - The Monk Hilarion courageously labored for sincere piety until his death, which followed on March 28, 1476 255. His monastery in 1623 was still independent, and in 1695 it was assigned to the Pskov bishop's house 256. His relics rest hidden in the church of his monastery, closed in 1764 257. Venerable Hilarion the New, abbot of the Pelikite monastery “Even in his youth, having laid a cross on his shoulder,” the monk renounced all the sweets of the world and, abandoning himself to monastic labors, soon surpassed everyone in his strict life and virtues. Subsequently, he was ordained to the rank of presbyter and abbot of the Pelicite monastery in Asia Minor, near the Hellespont. During the reign of Emperor Constantine Copronymus, Hilarion suffered persecution for the veneration of icons (and died around 754). He is called new - in contrast to Hilarion of Dalmatia, also a confessor who suffered persecution under Leo the Armenian. - St. Joseph the hymn-writer glorifies Hilarion in the following expressions: “Honorable is your death that appeared before God, Most Holy Father, for you have honored the icon and endured persecution, we are insulted by the tormentors, Rev., a martyr in this showing!” (3rd troparion of the 8th song). Referring to Hilarion’s written instructions, the hymnographer adds: “Creating the words of the Divine words, the Divine mind, Father, you drew from there, and you imparted piety to everyone.” “Your word comes like dew, driving away the heat of despondency, reverend” (2nd Troparion of the 4th Song and 2nd Troparion of the 7th Song). Among other written instructions of Hilarion, his message, entitled: “To my eldest brother and servant of Christ, I am wretched and considered Hilarion, of the slightest intellect and incapable of any kind of business, has been preserved. All who have renounced this world have accepted the monastic image and taken up the cross of Christ on their frame, having been named successors to the Apostles! Let us love the morals of those whose image we bear, let us follow those whom we call disciples, let us hate earthly things, following the example of our fathers. Come, let us ask the witness and servant of the Word of God, the beloved disciple of Christ, who reclined on the chest of the Lord and drew wisdom there; Come, you who are troubled among earthly things, come, you who are double-minded, who have not rejected the world and who are appropriating eternal life: come, let us ask John the Virgin, and he will proclaim what is beneficial. Tell us, say to us, John the Theologian, what shall we do that we may be saved? What tricks can we use to get rid of torment and gain eternal life? We want the Kingdom of Heaven, but is it true that we want? not visible; we are carried away by the love of the world; we love gold, we collect property, we love bright houses, we love glory, honor, beauty; and this is obvious to everyone. Tell us the truth, Apostle, sort out our dispute, reconcile us, let us be of the same mind; The rich monks among us reproach the poor, the beggars condemn the rich. Answer us, beauty of the Apostles, John, answer us, loud lips. And so he proclaims: “As I have heard and seen the Word of God Himself, I preach the same; do not love the world, nor those in the world; For if anyone loves this world, the Father’s love is not in him.” (About Hilarion the confessor, see “Teaching about the Fathers of the Church” Phil., Archbishop of Chernigov. Part III, § 258, pp. 191–193). Rev. Hesychius the Theologian, Presbyter of Jerusalem Hesychius, a native and from 412 - presbyter of Jerusalem, disciple of St. Gregory the Theologian, is revered as one of the most famous teachers of the Church. “Everything is St. He explained and presented the Scriptures with clarity and suggested for the general benefit why he was very famous and amazing for everyone." 258 In one of the Palestinian deserts, Hesychius spent an ascetic life and at the same time was zealously devoted to scientific research and the study of the spirit of Christianity. – Up to twelve “Conversations” of Hesychius are known today: their content, for the most part, consists of events from the life of Jesus Christ and the Mother of God or those saints of God, the place of whose exploits was mainly St. Earth. One of Hesychius’s conversations begins like this: “The memory of the righteous must truly be sanctified, and every holiday in their honor is a sacred holiday. For they all fought courageously for the faith, they all suffered toils for the faithful confession, they all, at the behest of God, gave themselves up to dangers in order to achieve the crowns of truth. But the holiday that is celebrated now, above all praise, is the triumph of the Virgin, who is so superior to everyone that she accepted God the Word Himself and embraced Him without hesitation. First of all, Archangel Gabriel announced: Rejoice, full of grace, the Lord is with you!” The work of St. is also distinguished by its great edification. Hesychia “Mental teaching on sobriety and virtue,” written for the monk Theodulus 259. Rev. Hesychius died peacefully in 434. (See “Teaching of the Father Church” Phil. Cher. Vol. III, § 203, pp. 44–47). † Memory of St. Bishop George, presbyters Paroda and Peter and Prince Boyana, Bulgarian martyrs When Grubosh (Krum), Prince of Bulgaria, having taken several cities of the Greek Empire, won (June 29, 813) near Odrin (Adrianople) a victory over the Greek army; then, going himself to Constantinople, he entrusted the siege of Odrin to his son Shaved or Krutogon, and part of the captives was given to the military leader Tsok 260. Among the prisoners, of whom there were more than 100,000 261, there were also Christians from the Slavs. These were the parents of the future emperor Basil the Macedonian and Vasily himself, then still a young man 262. “The wonderful bishop (Manuel of Adrianople) and the people who were with him led many of the Bulgarians to the faith of Christ and sowed the seeds of Christian teaching here and there, distracted the Slavs from pagan error and led them to the light of the knowledge of God” 263. When Tsok saw that the captives were so successfully spreading the faith of the Greeks, who had become hated especially for the ignoble, treacherous act of Lev the Armenian with Grubosh, Tsok, as cruel as he was a fanatic of paganism, demanded that famous Christians renounce Christ. 377 Christians, among them two military leaders, willingly accepted martyrdom. First of all, Manuel, Bishop of Adrianople 264, was put to a painful death. George, bishop of Debelogo, otherwise Zagora, one of the cities of Slavic Thrace, and therefore bishop of the Slavs, also died a martyr 265. Among the affected priests, Presbyter Parod is a Slav by name; Peter served as priest in the Slavic city of Mglin, and the Bulgarians especially honor this martyr to this day: near Ternov there is a monastery of St. Peter Mglinsky 266. The time of Grubosh was very important in the history of the southern Slavs. Their rulers, especially in the political struggle with the Greeks, still fanatically protected paganism, although one of them, Prince Tserig, in 777, leaving his own, was baptized in Constantinople by the Slavic Patriarch Nikita 267. among the Slavic people St. The faith already had tens and hundreds of thousands of its admirers, especially after the sermon taught by the captives of Grubosh to the Slavs 268. Grubosh's son Shaved, otherwise Krutogon, made peace with the empire and released the captives 269. Kinnamon, beautiful in appearance and even more beautiful in soul, liked Shaved, and he kept Kinnamon with him. The prince did not like the fact that he was a Christian; but he thought that with affection and favors he would persuade him to a pagan life. Meanwhile, Kinnamon had the opportunity to raise the martyr of St. in the young Bulgarian prince Boyana. Faith. When the solemn sacrifice was being made, Kinnamon was invited among the Slavic nobility to participate in the sacrifice. A sincere Christian answered: “You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons” (1 Cor. 10:20). He was brought by force to the place of the victim. He boldly explained the insignificance of the pagan gods and the criminal stupidity of worshiping them. They made a noise against him with furious anger, beat him severely and threw him into a stinking prison. Shaven was not against Christians; having made peace with the empire, he turned against the Germans and in 824 saved the emperor. Michael from the rebel Thomas 270. - And yet Kinnamon, due to the anger of pagan fanatics, remained in prison until the death of Shaven († 826). When Shaven’s son Malomir, otherwise Vladimir, ascended to the Bulgarian throne; his brother Boyan, who had known Kinnamon for a long time, asked Malomir to find and send Kinnamon to him. His wish was fulfilled. Boyan, seeing Kinnamon, was amazed that he was extremely exhausted and emaciated. Kinnamon explained that it does not matter if the body is tired, but it is very dangerous if the soul is tired. “Why did you suffer so much?” - asked the prince. Kinnamon replied that he had not done anything bad, only darkness does not like light. In a long conversation, a sincere and enlightened Christian explained to the pagan prince the misfortune of Slavic paganism and the destruction of pagan life, as well as the inevitable need of Christianity for human eternity. The God of heaven and earth, the Christian said, is humiliated and insulted by the worship of the idiot Perun; the sun is God’s creation, not God willing; fire is also a creation of God, and not the god Svarog 271; all paganism is the work of sinful humanity, which, according to the movements of passions and to please passions, invented gods. Sacrifice and washing do not cleanse the sinful soul, but only feed the sinful flesh 272. Without Christ Jesus there is no light for the mind, no life for the soul. He alone is both the teacher of humanity and our Savior, who reconciled the truth of God with His death with guilty humanity. Don't you want to die for yourself? Believe in the Lord Jesus. Boyan joyfully accepted baptism and began to devote his life to prayer, contemplation of God, and fasting. – Malomir, having learned about his brother’s conversion to Christianity, demanded that he renounce the Greek faith with all his persistence. “I would rather accept death than dare to live the life of a pagan; I honor Christ my Savior and I will die for Him, answered Boyan. The ruling pagan prince condemned his Christian brother to death. The confessor, going to the place of execution, was filled with the prophetic spirit. “Faith,” he said out loud to everyone, for which I am now losing my life, will spread throughout the entire Bulgarian country. It is in vain that they think of stopping her with my death. The sign of the cross will be placed in every place; and the idols and their altars and churches will disappear. It’s a pity that my brother Malomir will soon lose his life.” - The prediction was fulfilled, first of all, for his brother: Malomir soon died completely unexpectedly († 830); The martyr prince died from the blow of a sword 273. Collection l. 1, 99. VII, 9. 10. Letter from the bishop. Agobard to Louis the Pious: “We preached that Christians should not sell Christian slaves to the Jews and would not allow the Jews to sell Christians to the Spaniards,” ed. Balus, 1. 62. About Adalbert, Bishop of Prague, his life: “what Christian captives and slaves the Jew merchant bought with hapless gold, he (997) ransomed, but could not ransom them all.” Ar. Freher. r. 77. words Nicephorus Gregoras T. I. b. 60. Helmold hist. Slavor. II. 31. Simon in his letter to Polycarp; Father print. according to RKP. Saints in memory of St. Eustratia March 28th Meletia canon to the saints of Pechersk, in the akathist book, K. 1674. To this day, the remains of stone loopholes near the earthen rampart are still visible here. According to the popular dialect, in ancient times Gdovsk was called Vdovsk, because it was supposedly given into the possession of a widower. book Olga. According to the book of the larger drawing: “from Ivan’s city, 70 versts at Lake Peipsi, the city of Gdov.” Ed. Spassky, p. 172. East. Prince Pskov. 3, 77. Rkp. Saints: Rev. Hilarion, abbot of the Intercession Monastery, like on Zhelchi, was (Oten. sp. “reposed”) in l. 6984 March 28 d. A. e. 3, 189. In 1662, “there were 33 courtyards behind the Intercession Ozersky Monastery.” Mixed. about the monastery 479. Maksimovich Dictionary 2, 27. In Russian language in "Christian Reading", 1827 Chertkov about the Manasseh Chronicle, pp. 87–96. About Svyatoslav's war, pp. 143–145. Even after January 814, more than 12,000 prisoners were taken by Krum to Bulgaria, and another part of Krum’s army took another 50,000 - Chertkov about the Chronicle of Manasseh. 92. The main location of Hrubosha is Shumen, from which Shumla was later formed. Kedrin 2, 558. Zonara 2, 163. Basil the Macedonian is recognized as a Slav by the Arab writer Hamza and the Byzantine Genesius. According to the latter, Vasily the farmer loved to fight “for cutting.” The translator of the Manasseh Chronicle says that imp. Vasily was “from the village of Belipra, near the present right city of Macedon” (in Chertkov, p. 23), while according to the monk George, “he was born in Macedonia, in the district of Adrianople” (p. 396), in the words of Simeon the logothete, “he was a Macedonian by birth, Adrianople by birth.” (p. 326). According to Kedrin (2, 399), imp. Mikhail, attempting to return Odrin, did not want to use battered towers, otherwise the “Scythians living around Adrianople” would not learn to operate these machines. – Thus, the villages located around Odrin, at the end of the 8th century, consisted of Scythian inhabitants - Slavs and Macedonia - meant the country of the Slavs, as in ancient times. - Near Adrianople mountains. Bersinitsia - Bereznitsa (796 and 813 at Feofan) mountain pass Gema - Beregava (678 at Feofan). Konstantin Porphyrogenite in vita Basilii p. 135. 136. Also Kedrin 2, 558. In Vasily's menology on January 21: "under Emperor Leo the Armenian, Krum, the Bulgarian prince, with many people, besieged Adrianople of Thracia and took St. Manuel the bishop. First, he ordered his hands to be cut off, then he was cut off with a sword and given to the beasts. For this wickedness, he fell into hatred from his people and was strangled with a rope. - He who accepted power over the Bulgarians, the most wicked Tsok gathered all the captured Christians, governors, priests, ordinary laymen, forced them to renounce the Christian faith. The Bulgarians were not yet Christians - when they did not want to fulfill his will, he ordered some to be beheaded, others to be killed with cruel executions.” There is a lot that is wrong here. Grubosh died, strangled by a rush of blood, on Friday, Holy Week of April 14, 814 (Krug byzantin. choronol. s. 156). Since St. Manuel died on January 22, and in this month 814 Lev the Armenian wanted to kill Grubosh by deception; that martyrdom of St. Manupla followed, of course, after the revealed deception, Jan. 22nd 814 - After Hrubosh, his son Shaved, otherwise Krutogon and Murtagon, inherited the throne. – Tsok was never a sovereign prince, but only a military leader. The name Tsoka is still common among the Bulgarians. Slavs the translation of the synaxarion of 1340 (Zap. Akad. VI, 110) is incorrect to the original, but the Odrin city of Frachski, the Circle, and the Blgar prince are remarkable in it. Theophan (Ar. Aseman. 2, 332) clearly says that St. George was taken in 811, when the city of Zagora was taken. Not only the Menaion (extracts in act. Sanet. Ianuar. 2, 441. 442), but also Constantine Porphyrogenitus (Vita Basilii p. 136) attribute the death of St. George and others already by the time of Shaved. But did the Shaven One torture Christians? Since Shaven was always more disposed towards Christians than his father, and the prisoners were entrusted to Grubosh Tsok, the torment of Christians is rightly attributed in the monthly book of Vasily Tsok. Sl. approx. 23. Grigorovich's journey, p. 175. Stritten Bulgarica r. 529–532. Slavica r. 81. 82. Baronius ad an. 772. Chertkov o. Manasseh years, pp. 77–80. The historian of the miracles of St. Demetrius of Thessalonica says about the captives of the Avar Kagan: “from that time (from the time of captivity) they (the Christians) mixed with the Bulgarians, Anars and other pagans, and when they gave birth to children from others and grew into a populous people, the children from their parents adopted the disposition and love for Greek morals; through the Orthodox faith and life-giving baptism, the Christian tribe multiplied.” – Kubar crossed the Danube with these people around 640 and settled them not far from Ohrid. St. Demetrius of Thessalonica and the Slavs, Μ. 1847 The final and most populous migration of the Slavs from the northern bank of the Danube to their ancient southern places took place in 678. Then they, uniting with the Slavs who remained in the south, began to rule over the Greek colonists in Thrace, Macedonia and Illyricum - the Bulgarian Principality was formed. Nikifor Chron. r. 22–25. Feofan r. 296–301. Konstantin Bagryan. de theme. 2, 20. 21. Zonara 2, 91–93. Kedrin 438–441. Manasseh years. in Chertkov, p. 61. “On the beginning of Christianity, its spread and establishment (?) among the Bulgarians” - in Christ. Read 1858 11, 141. 216. 269. There is a lot of correct information collected here, but quite a few omissions and errors. Leo the Wise (Tactic. p. 18) wrote: "And the Slavs in ancient times were free when they lived beyond the Danube. But the Romans defeated the Slavs, who lived a pastoral life and before they crossed the Danube, they were submissive to the yoke of Roman power... Having crossed (from across the Danube) they no longer wanted to submit to anyone other than their own; they thought that it was better to be under the authority and laws prince of his tribe, than among the Romans. So they remain the same to our times, although they received the consecration of holy baptism.” About the time of the return of the Slavs to Macedonia and Epirus - in the Bulgarian translation of the Manasseh Chronicle. Here it refers to the time of the emperor. Anastasia (491–518). See Chertkov’s words about the Manasseh Chronicle, p. 39 and in Zh. M. Enlightenment 1837 III, 364. Kodin about the buildings Constant: “Damian’s monastery was built by Damian, a Slav by birth, prefect of the bed guards under the emperor Theophilus the iconoclast” (829–841) ed Beck. r. 116. In the article Christ. read 1858 II, 141. 216. 269: “about the beginning of Christianity, its spread and establishment (?) among the Bulgarians” a lot of correct information has been collected, but there are many omissions and errors. Constantine de vita Basilii r. 136. 137. Peace was concluded and the captives were released in 817. Assemani calend. 2, 353. 359. George the monk, according to some lists, says that Krum put obstacles to the return of prisoners; but in other lists the one who hindered is named Κομης - Komis, count (Stritten Bulgarica § 73). In this Comite one cannot help but recognize the dear Tsok, Manasseh Chronicle in Chertkov, pp. 95–97. About the deities of the Bulgarian saints. Gregory in the translation of the Malal Chronicle by the book. Obolensky, in the preface, p. 16. 17. M. 1851 Sl. Chernig. Diocesan. News of 1863, p. 521. 524. 525. 1864, p. 32. Something about the religion of the Slavs from Kolesnikov: a review of Byzantine news about the life of the pagan Slavs, pp. 208–213. Experiences of students of Kharkov University, Khark. 1848 About Svarog Ditmar Safarik in his amendments: Slavic Antiquities V, 271–276. Simeon Logothet: “Krum, according to the custom of the people, having built an altar behind the golden gates, sacrificed many livestock and people; then, immersing his feet on the seashore, he washed himself with water and cleansed his people.” Stritten Bulgarica r. 554. About Svyatoslav’s Russes Leo the Deacon: “while celebrating the festival, they killed babies and roosters, plunging them into the waters of the Danube.” Hist. IX. r. 149 ed. Bon. Theophylact's Life of the Martyrs (op. 3, 477 s. Venet. 1656) translated by Savelyev (Slavic collection, St. Petersburg, 1848), who for the first time explained the Byzantine confusion about the Bulgarian princes, but not everywhere successfully. A detailed study of the origin of the Bolgars. Uvarova: De Bulgarorum utrorum que origine et sedibus antiquissimis, Dorpatiæ 1853. The writer, familiar with sources and manuals, proves that the Danube Bulgars are Slavs and their homeland is the Carpathians, while the homeland of the Volga Bulgars is the Caucasus.