Collection of church historical works. Volume 2

Volume I • Volume II • Volume III • Volume IV The second volume included an introduction to the history of the ancient church (the first part of his lectures given to students of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy in different years). The publication is based on the publication of A. I. Brilliantov in 1907, corrected and supplemented with previously unpublished lecture material. ISBN 5–7248–0069–1, vol. 2. From this volume of the collection of church historical works of Vasily Vasilyevich Bolotov, “Lectures on the history of the ancient church” are offered to the attention of readers. This volume contains the first part of these "Lectures" - "Introduction to Church History." Vasily Vasilyevich himself was opposed to the publication of his lecture courses, because he believed that in science (in this case, church history) it is necessary to write only new things or correct what is already known. Following this rule, V.V. Bolotov published only scientific articles (mainly in Christian Reading, the journal of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy), which still cause difficulties for ordinary readers. “Lectures” is a different matter - unlike articles, this is a fairly popular work. Thanks to this work, Bolotov’s name became widely known not only among specialists. And this is not accidental, since the text of the lectures is brief in presentation, it is distinguished by imagery, literary taste and clarity of thought, it does not contain the cumbersome scientific apparatus, so characteristic of the articles of V.V. Bolotova. But the “Lectures” also bear the imprint of the author’s enormous erudition, excellent knowledge of the material, not only church history, but also many other sciences, sometimes far from history - for example, astronomy, and also include the results of scientific research by V.V. Bolotova. When the “Lectures” were published at the beginning of the century (in four volumes, the first was published in 1907, the last in 1918 as a supplement to the journal “Christian Reading”), their publisher was SPDA professor A.I. Brilliantov faced a number of difficulties - first of all, it was necessary to decide how to publish these “Lectures” and what to use as the basis for their printing. The task facing A.I. Brilliantov, was quite complex, since the surviving lecture material of V.V. Bolotov is heterogeneous. It can be divided into two groups: autographs of V.V. Bolotov and student records. Autographs of V.V. Bolotov (which have survived to this day) are handwritten notes of his lectures, sometimes quite detailed (they date mainly from the first years of his teaching activity - 1880–1883), sometimes brief, representing a set of dates, personal names, with rare explanations and quotes. Student notes of lectures constitute another part of V.V.’s legacy. Bolotova. These are personal notes of students and notes published by lithographic method. Of particular note are the lithographed lecture notes. They were published annually (since 1885). until the death of V.V. Bolotov in 1900, with the exception of 1892, only 15 lithographs were published) and were published by students of the Academy for their own needs, mainly for passing exams. The value of these lithographs is not the same. Until 1889 inclusive, lithographs were published authorized, i.e. were reviewed by V.V. himself. Bolotov, he made corrections in them, and sometimes he personally wrote this or that section of the course (as, for example, in the course of 1887, the section devoted to iconoclasm). After 1889, the practice of publishing authorized lithographed courses ceased; Bolotov, as a rule, did not check them, and they were published only on the personal initiative of Academy students. In them, on the one hand, one can find many errors and inaccuracies that are inevitable when recording from hearing (especially with regard to personal names and dates), but, on the other hand, in the lithographs of 1890–1900. reflects the views and ideas of V.V. Bolotov's last years of his life. Considering these circumstances, A.I. Diamonds used the text of autographs and authorized courses of 1885–89 as the basis for the publication of printed “Lectures,” supplementing as necessary with material from lithographs of later years. Sometimes this was simply necessary, as, for example, in relation to the “Introduction to Church History,” the text of which was compiled from lithographs of 1899, 1891 and 1888. As a general plan for the publication of all “Lectures” by A.I. Brilliantov chose the program of readings on church history compiled by V.V. Bolotov in accordance with the decree of the Holy Synod of April 10, 1895, borrowing private sections from earlier programs or other notes, filling them with certain pieces from autographs or notes of students. This program looks like this: Introduction. 1. Preliminary concepts (“Church”, “history”). 2. Auxiliary sciences in their genetic mutual relation. 3. Sources. Fundamental publications. 4. Periods of church history. – A) Ancient church history (the history of the undivided universal church). a) In the period before Constantine the Great. I. Christianity and the pagan world: the struggle of Christianity with paganism in life and thought. a) The post-apostolic Church and the Roman Empire (martyrdom, reasons for the persecution of Christians and the history of persecution). b) Apologies for Christianity. c) The struggle of Christianity with pagan thought in the form of gnosis. d) External history of the spread of Christianity (including the spread of Christianity outside the Roman Empire). II. History of theological thought. a) The stage is predominantly “theological” (clarification of the doctrine of the God-Man and the Monarchians). b) Montanism. c) Clarification of the principles of church discipline and ritual, - b) During the period of the Ecumenical Councils. III. Church and state, a) The state’s struggle against paganism. b) The struggle of Christianity against paganism in the field of thought, c) The struggle against paganism in life, d) The position of the Christian church in the state. IV. Church system. a) Clearness and hierarchy. b) Forms of church union. c) Lay people (λαός) (this includes talk about joining the church and baptism, about life and worship, about monasticism). V. History of theological thought aa) mainly in the east. a) Completion of the “theological” stage (I and II Ecumenical Councils and errors that arose under the influence of the struggle against Arianism: Marcellus, Photinus, Apollinaria). b) "Christological" stage (councils III, IV, V and VI). c) Iconoclasm, bb) History of theological thought in the West, a) “Christological” disputes (Leporius, Adoptians). b) Dispute about the ever-virginity of the Mother of God (Helvidius, Bonoz). c) Disputes about the mutual relation of freedom and grace (Pelagianism). d) Origenistic dispute between Jerome and Rufinus. f) Disputes on issues of church rite and asceticism (Jovinian, Vigilantius). f) Controversy sui generis (Priscillian). c) The struggle of the church against errors with a dualistic basis (Manichaeans, Eustathius of Sebaste, Ipsistarians, Euchites, Paulicians, Athenians, Arevurds, Bogomils). The next part of the program - B) History of the Orthodox Eastern Church - was read by I.E. Troitsky 1. Based on the program of V.V. Bolotova A.I. Brilliantov drew up a plan for the publication of Lectures on the History of the Ancient Church. This plan is currently stored in the manuscript department of the Russian National Library (formerly Public) in St. Petersburg 2. It shows how much work A.I. did. Diamonds when preparing the publication of his teacher’s lectures, what had to be chosen from one course or another or an autograph, so that the overall text was coherent, not cluttered with options, and corresponded to the ideas of V.V. Bolotova. Therefore, we can say that in essence A.I. Brilliantov is a co-author of V.V. Bolotova. Note that in the specified program V.V. Bolotov is missing a number of topics that were sometimes read to him. For example, among the material in the first section - an introduction to church history - the historiography of modern times was presented (probably in the 1881/82 academic year), in 1882/3 the history of monasticism, to which V.V. Bolotov never returned, among the entries of 1887/8 there is a section devoted to the attitude of Christianity to slavery, and in 1897/8 the history of the spread of Christianity in England after Constantine the Great was read. These materials were not used by A.I. Brilliantov when printing the posthumous edition of the course of lectures by V.V. Bolotova. We believe that this circumstance could not be ignored when preparing this publication. In addition, A.I. Brilliantov had the intention of publishing them specially after the completion of the printing of volume IV of the Lectures. Unfortunately, the revolution and civil war prevented this enterprise. A number of materials from V.V. have been preserved. Bolotov, scheduled for publication by A.I. Diamond. For this volume, the preparatory notes of V.V. are of interest. Bolotov to an introduction to church history 3. This is a small manuscript (only 55 sheets) in the format of a regular written sheet. On the first pages there are brief notes dating back to 1898, which V.V. Bolotov used it when presenting concepts about history and the church in this year’s course (pages 3 et seq. in this edition). On sheets 8–55 the “sources of church history” are set out, with most of the material relating to historiography. By the way, in it V.V. Bolotov writes: “I turn to a short sketch of church history. In Russian literature in this regard, there is an excerpt from the history of the Apostolic Church by F. Schaff and an article on the history of church history in Germany, which began in TV St. Ot. This article promises abundant material to supplement, and perhaps correct, this essay, which I intend to present” 4. Here, after a fairly cursory review of Greek and Latin historians V.V. Bolotov sets out in detail the historiography of modern times from the Reformation to the mid-19th century. Leaving the reader to judge the merits of this text, I would like to note that there are no other works on Protestant church historiography, except for several works by A.P. Lebedev, not published in Russia. All the more interesting is the appearance of a fragment of lectures on this topic by such a scientist as V.V. Bolotov. A.I. Diamonds was probably also going to print it in some form. Among the personal papers of A.I. Brilliantov 5 there is a brief outline of this fragment, and in the manuscript itself V.V. Bolotov there are pencil marks on those pages 6 that A.I. intended to use. Diamonds when publishing this material (their clerk’s copy has also been preserved). Apart from a small fragment 7, which causes difficulty in reading, the entire material seems suitable for publication, despite some gaps and breaks, and should be located after the section “Church historiography in Eastern languages” (p. 205 of this edition). In addition, the text of this volume includes some other additions omitted or unused by A.I. Brilliantov at the first edition of the Lectures. So, in particular, on page 15 of this edition, the full reading of the paragraph extracted from the 1898/99 course is restored: “Other expressions are possible... the kingdom of God,” and a number of minor corrections from the same course are made. For the convenience of readers, Prof. A.I. Sidorov made a translation of Greek and Latin terms and expressions (given in parentheses and not specifically specified). Notes by A.I. Brilliantov (designated A.B.) to the first edition of lectures and additions to them by A.I. Sidorov (A.S.) are printed at the end of the book. A.I. Diamonds, Professor Vasily Vasilievich Bolotov. Biographical sketch. St. Petersburg, 1910, p. 20. OR RNB, fund 102 (A.I. Brilliantova), units. hr. 104–107. Stored in OR RN B, fund 102, unit. 414. OR RNB, fund 102, unit. 414, l. 8. Here V.V. Bolotov probably means the article by A.P. Lebedev in the journal “Additions to the Works of the Holy Father” (for 1880 in volume XXVI) - “Essays on the history of church historiography in Protestant Germany”, continued in 1881 and 1883. OR RNB, fund 102, unit. hr. 105, pp. 27–37. OR RNB, fund 102, unit. 414, l 12 rev.–25 rev., 27–29 rev., 34–35 rev., 38–54 rev.