VI. Духовное просвещение

Theological educational institutions Composition of managers and employees The following changes took place in the composition of commanders and employees in theological academies. The rector of the Kazan Academy, Archimandrite Anthony, according to the most submissive report of the Holy Synod of August 9, 1897, was ordained Bishop of Cheboksary, vicar of the Kazan diocese, and remained in the position of rector of the academy. On October 19, 1895, the correcting position of inspector of the Moscow Academy, Hieromonk Kirill, was appointed to the post of rector of the Kazan Theological Seminary, and on December 14 of the same year, the extraordinary professor of the academy, Hierotheus of Tatarsky, was appointed to correct the position of inspector of the academy, after whose dismissal, by decree of the Holy Synod of December 26, 1896, from performing inspector duties, was appointed on January 10, 1897 year, inspector of the academy, rector of the Novgorod Theological Seminary and abbot of the monastery of Anthony the Roman, master of theology, Archimandrite Arseny with the title of regular professor and with the assignment of lecturing on biblical history. Ordinary professors of the Kyiv Academy Rozov, Moscow Academy - Lebedev, Tsvetkov and Klyuchevsky and Kazan Academy - Kurganov and Bogorodsky were awarded the title of Honored Ordinary Professors. Extraordinary professors of the St. Petersburg Academy Sadov, Bolotov and Archpriest Nikolaevsky, Moscow - Kapterev and Voskresensky and Kazan - Bogoslovsky, Gusev and Yungerov were confirmed with the rank of ordinary professors, and of them, Professor Bogoslovsky was then awarded the title of Honored Ordinary Professor. Associate Professor of the Kiev Academy Dmitrievsky, upon receiving his doctorate in church history, was confirmed with the rank of ordinary professor. An extraordinary professor at the Moscow Academy, Smirnov was awarded the title of Honored Extraordinary Professor. Associate professors of the St. Petersburg Academy Serebrenikov, Nalimov and Bronzov, Moscow - Golubtsov and Vvedenokiy and Kazan - Nesmelov, Archpriest Smirnov, Potekhin and Narbekov were confirmed with the rank of extraordinary professors. Correcting the position of associate professor at the Moscow Academy, Glagolev, upon receiving his master's degree in theology, was confirmed with the rank of associate professor, and then with the rank of extraordinary professor. Corrective positions of associate professors of the St. Petersburg Academy Rozhdestvensky, Moscow Academy - Spasekiy and Kazan Academy - Pisarev were confirmed in the rank of associate professors. An associate professor of the Kyiv Academy, Titov, was ordained a priest of the Kyiv St. Andrew's Church and was moved from the department of general civil history to the department of Russian church history, and a lecturer of English language, candidate of theology Mukhin was appointed to the department of general civil history with the title of temporary assistant professor and remaining in the position of lecturer of the English language. Appointed to serve: with the rank of associate professor, in the department of new civil history at the Moscow Academy, master of theology, assistant inspector of the same academy Andreev; in the rank of corrective associate professors - candidates of theology: at the St. Petersburg Academy - in the department of dogmatic theology Lenorsky and in the department of biblical history professorial fellow Bystrov; at the Kyiv Academy - in the department of moral theology, professorial scholarship holder Hieromonk Platon (Rozhdestvensky) and in the department of the history of philosophy, teacher of the Podolsk Theological Seminary Kudryavtsev: in the Kazan Academy - in the department of Russian church history, professorial scholarship holder Pokrovsky - in the department of pedagogy and pastoral theology, Kazan diocesan observer of church schools priest Druzhinin, and in the department of Greek language - Rodnikov. In addition, the Kyiv Academy appointed a teacher of the Kyiv 1st Gymnasium Regame as a lecturer of the French language, a Syrian Arab, candidate of theology, Zhuze, a trainee in the Arabic language in the Kazan Academy, and a trainee in the Tatar spoken language, the priest of the Kazan cemetery church Egorov. They left service in the academies: in St. Petersburg - Honored Ordinary Professor Katansky and Eleonsky and non-tenured teacher in the department of Russian and Church Slavonic languages ​​(with paleography) and the history of Russian literature, Honored Professor of the Imperial St. Petersburg University Lamansky; in Kyiv - Honored Ordinary Professor, Kiev mayor, Solsky and lecturer of the French language Tarasevich; in Moscow - Honored Ordinary Professor of the Academy and Ordinary Professor of the Imperial Moscow University Lebedev and Honored Extraordinary Professor Smirnov; in Kazan - Honored Ordinary Professor, Doctor of Theology and Doctor of Church History, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences Znamensky (supernumerary since the end of 1895), Correcting the post of Ordinary Honored Professor Nekrasov, Extraordinary Professor Archpriest Smirnov and trainee in the Kalmyk colloquial language Badmaev. Moreover, at the Kyiv Academy, Honored Ordinary Professor Pospehov was dismissed, according to a request, from the position of a full-time teacher in the Department of Psychology with the right, as a supernumerary, to give one lecture a week free of charge in the field of experimental psychology: at the Kazan Academy, Honored Ordinary Professor Ivanovsky was dismissed, according to a request, from full-time service with remaining in the service of the Academy, pending the search for a successor, in the rank supernumerary professor and with the provision of rights and responsibilities assigned to an ordinary professor of the academy. Died: at the Kyiv Academy - Honored Ordinary Professor Malyshevsky and at the Kazan Academy - priest Timofeev, a trainee in the Tatar colloquial language; - their academy suffered a heavy loss, especially in the person of Professor Malyshevsky, who for more than 43 years was the best adornment of the academy. Following these changes, at the end of the reporting period, the following persons were included among the commanding and serving persons in the academies: In the St. Petersburg Academy - in addition to the rector and an inspector who is an ordinary professor, 5 ordinary professors (including 1 emeritus), 10 extraordinary professors, 2 associate professors, 7 temporary assistant professors, 3 lecturers of new languages, 1 non-staff teacher and other officials (secretary of the council and board of the academy, his assistant, librarian and his assistant, assistant inspector of the academy, etc.) 8; only 38 persons. At the Kyiv Academy, in addition to the rector and an inspector who is an extraordinary professor, 6 ordinary professors (including 5 emeritus), 8 extraordinary professors (including 1 emeritus), 8 associate professors, 3 acting associate professors, 2 lecturers of new languages, a supernumerary teacher with the rank of ordinary professor 1 and other officials 9; only 39 persons. In the Moscow Academy - in addition to the rector and the inspector holding the position of an ordinary professor, ordinary professors b (including 2 emeritus) extraordinary professors 9, associate professors 3, acting associate professors b, lecturers of new languages ​​1, a supernumerary teacher with the rank of ordinary professor 1 and other officials 8; only 36 persons. At the Kazan Academy - in addition to the rector and an inspector who is an extraordinary professor, 10 ordinary professors (including 4 supernumerary ones), 2 temporary ordinary professors, 9 extraordinary professors, 5 associate professors, 5 temporary assistant professors, 3 trainees and 10 other officials; only 46 persons. At the beginning of the 1895–96 academic year, there were 909 students and 16 free listeners in all academies, namely: in St. Petersburg - 237 students and 11 free listeners, in Kyiv - 195 students, in Moscow - 249 students and 4 free listeners, and in Kazan - 228 students and 1 free listener. Moreover, there were 22 students in the two-year missionary courses at the Kazan Academy. During the 1895–96 academic year and after one-year tests, 221 students dropped out at the end of the course and for other reasons (5 of them died), 11 free students and 9 students of missionary courses at the Kazan Academy, so that by the beginning of the 1896–1897 academic year there were 688 students and 5 free students, namely: at the St. Petersburg Academy - 177 students and 5 free students, in Kyiv - 154 students, in Moscow - 172 students and in Kazan - 185 students and 13 students of missionary courses. In August 1896, 249 were accepted into the new first courses, namely: in St. Petersburg - 74, in Kyiv - 57, in Moscow - 44 and in Kazan - 74; In addition, one former third-year student was admitted to the St. Petersburg Academy for the fourth year. In total, at the beginning of the 1896–97 academic year, there were 938 students and 5 free listeners. During the same year, 241 students dropped out after completing the course and for other reasons (4 of them died) and 3 free students were accepted, so by the beginning of the 1897–98 academic year there were 697 students and 8 free students, namely: in St. Petersburg - 174 students and 5 free students, in Kyiv - 163 students and 3 free students, in Moscow - 155 students and in Kazan 205 students. Moreover, in the Kazan Academy in August 1896, 18 students were admitted to missionary courses, so during the 1896–97 academic year there were 31 in total, of which 13 completed the course and by the beginning of the 1897–98 academic year there were 18 students. Among the students, mainly at the Kyiv Academy, and partly at others, were foreign subjects - mostly Slavs - Serbs, Montenegrins, Bulgarians, as well as Romanians, Greeks, Syrians, etc.; Thus, at the Kyiv Academy during the 1896–97 academic year, there were 43 foreigners among the students: 10 Greeks, 11 Bulgarians, 13 Serbs, 5 Romanians, 2 Montenegrins and 2 Syrians, of which 35 received scholarships from the Holy Synod; in the St. Petersburg Academy in the same year there were more than 25 foreigners. Of the Russian students, the majority are children of clergy, but many are also from other classes (nobles, officials, burghers, peasants and members of the military department). With each formation of new courses, several persons from educational institutions of the civil department who have completed the course appear for admission tests; for example, at the St. Petersburg Academy in August 1896, the number of first-year students included 1 former student of the St. Petersburg Technological Institute and 1 who completed a course at the Alexander Cadet Corps, and at the Moscow Academy - 1 who completed a course at the Imperial St. Petersburg University. Among the students every year there are a considerable number of those who have holy orders, both from the clergy entering the academy and from the students receiving it, during and at the end of the course, with tonsure as a monk. There were 459 government scholarships in all academies in each of the two academic years, including several (7 and 8) for students of missionary courses at the Kazan Academy. Quite a significant number of students were supported on permanent and temporary scholarships established with capital donated by individuals or societies, as well as on special scholarships established at the expense of the funds of the Holy Synod, mainly for foreigners; on all such scholarships in the 1895–96 academic year in all academies there were 201 students, and in the 1896–97 academic year - 214. Of the self-employed students, most were housed in academic buildings as boarders; in the 1895–96 academic year there were up to 230 such boarders in all academies, and in the 1896–97 academic year up to 181; In addition, in the Kazan Academy in the first academic year there were 9 boarders from students of missionary courses, in the second year - 11. Insufficient students were helped in ways of supporting the society established at the St. Petersburg and Kazan Academies for the benefit of insufficient students, at the Kyiv Academy - the Epiphany Brotherhood and at the Moscow Academy - the Brotherhood of St. Sergius. During 1896, the society for the benefit of insufficient students of the St. Petersburg Academy contributed to the board of the academy for the maintenance of boarders and issued monthly and one-time benefits to students of 3,479 rubles. 75 k., and in 1897 - 3574 rubles. The Epiphany Brotherhood existing at the Kiev Academy in the 1895–96 academic year gave students, mostly on loan, 1857 rubles, and in the 1896–97 academic year – 1475 rubles. Awarding of academic degrees The degree of Doctor of Theology was awarded by the Council of the Moscow Academy to the extraordinary (now ordinary) Professor G. Voskresensky, who presented his works: “Characteristic features of four editions of the Slavic translation of the Gospel of Mark based on one hundred and twelve manuscripts of the Gospel of the 11th–16th centuries,” Moscow, 1896 and “Ancient Slavic Gospel. The Gospel of Mark according to the main lists of four editions of the handwritten Slavic Gospel text with discrepancies from one hundred and eight Gospel manuscripts of the 11th–16th centuries,” Sergiev Posad, 1894; by the award of the Council of the Kazan Academy, extraordinary (now ordinary) Professor P. Yungerov, who presented the essay: “The Book of the Prophet Amos. Introduction, translation and explanation." The degree of Doctor of Church History was awarded to: by the Council of the St. Petersburg Academy, extraordinary (now ordinary) professors of the academy: V. Bolotov for his outstanding scientific works and Archpriest P. Nikolaevsky for 25 years of scientific, literary and teaching activity; by the award of the Council of the Kazan Academy, Associate Professor (now an ordinary professor) of the Kyiv Academy A. Dmitrievsky, who presented the essay: “Description of liturgical manuscripts stored in the libraries of the Orthodox East. T. I. Τυπικά. Part I. Monuments of patriarchal statutes and monastic typikons", Kyiv, 1895. The degree of Doctor of Church Law was awarded to the extraordinary professor of Novorossiysk University A. Almazov, who presented the essay "Secret Confession in the Orthodox Eastern Church", Odessa, 1894. In the degree of Master of Theology during the 1895–96 and 1896–97 academic years, the Holy Synod approved candidates of theology for the essays they submitted: by award from the Council of the St. Petersburg Academy - the correcting position of associate professor of the academy A. Rozhdestvensky, assistant librarian of the academy I. Evseev, teacher of the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary M. Palmov and assistant inspector of the Smolensk Theological Seminary A. Yarushevich; by award from the Council of the Kyiv Academy - Secretary of the Council of the Academy S. Pesotsky; by the award of the Council of the Moscow Academy - teacher of law (former) of the Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute, priest I. Svetlov, who held the position of associate professor of the academy S. Glagolev, assistant inspector (now associate professor) of the academy I. Andreev, caretaker of the Cherkassy Theological School, candidate of the Kyiv Academy, K. Chemena, teacher of the Kharkov Theological Seminary K. Silchenkov, corrected the position of associate professor of the academy A. Spassky, teacher of the Ryazan Theological Seminary A. Karashev, teacher of the Kharkov Theological Seminary N. Strakhov, caretaker of the Zhirovitsky Theological School P. Polyansky, teacher of the Pochinkovsky Theological School N. Tikhomirov and correcting the position of associate professor (now associate professor) of the academy I. Popov, awarded by the council of the Kazan Academy teacher of the Vologda Theological Seminary P. Prokoshev, correcting the position of associate professor L. Pisarev, teacher of the Tobolsk Theological Seminary V, Protopopov, teacher of the Astrakhan Theological Seminary seminary V. Belikov, teacher of the Chisinau Theological Seminary Hieromonk Vladimir, candidates of theology N. Vasilkov, N. Arkhangelsky and V. Nikolsky. In the 1895–96 academic year, 197 students who completed the course were approved for the degree of candidate of theology: in St. Petersburg - 53, in Kyiv - 33, in Moscow - 71 and in Kazan - 40; to the same extent, 10 who completed the course in previous years with the title of full students were approved. In the 1896–97 academic year, 202 students who completed the course were approved for the degree of candidate of theology: in St. Petersburg - 58, in Kyiv - 40, in Moscow - 51 and in Kazan - 53; 9 students who completed the course in previous years were approved to the same extent. In the 1895-96 academic year, 9 of those who completed the course were graduated with the title of full student, and in the 1896-97 academic year - 16. At the two-year missionary courses at the Kazan Academy, 9 students graduated from the course in the first reporting year, and 13 students in the second. Of the interest from the capital available in the academies, donated for the issuance of prizes and monetary awards for the best works of mentors and students of the academies, prizes were awarded during the reporting period: in St. Petersburg - five prizes named after Metropolitan Macarius, one of them worth 500 rubles. – Associate Professor of the Academy N. Nikolsky for the essay: “Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery until the second half of the 17th century. (1397–1625), vol. I, issue. I-th", one for 451 rubles. 48 k. - to Honored Ordinary Professor T. Barsov for an essay entitled: “The Holy Synod in its Past”, one for 322 rubles. 90 k. - Associate Professor of the Academy A. Rozhdestvensky for the essay: “Revelation to Daniel about the Seventy Weeks”, one for 300 rubles. - extraordinary professor I. Troitsky for the essay: “Grammar of the Hebrew Language” and one for 270 rubles. 90 k. – to priest E. Akvilonov, correcting the position of associate professor, for the essay: “New Testament teaching about the Church. Experience of dogmatic research"; at the Kyiv Academy - three prizes of Metropolitan Macarius: a full anniversary prize of 1,200 rubles. – Associate Professor of the Academy Priest F. Titov, based on a detailed review by Professor Archpriest I. Korolkov, for the essay: “Moscow Metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov”, with a reward for the reviewer of 200 rubles, a full anniversary prize of 1,000 rubles. - Associate Professor of the Academy A. Dmitrievsky for the essay: “Divine service of Passion and Easter Week in St. Jerusalem", with a reward of 200 rubles for the reviewer of this work, Professor P. Lashkarev. and a half anniversary bonus of 500 rubles. - Honored Ordinary Professor N. Petrov for the essay: “Kiev Academy in the second half of the 17th century”, with a reward of 200 rubles for the reviewer of this essay, Honored Ordinary Professor I. Malyshevsky. and two Bishop Michael awards, one of which is worth 400 rubles. – Associate Professor of the Academy V. Rybinsky for the essay: “Essays on the history of the Samaritans”, another 300 rubles. – Secretary of the Academy Council S. Pesotsky for the essay: “St. Prophet Daniel"; at the Moscow Academy there are four Metropolitan Macarius awards: one for 439 rubles. - Ordinary Professor of the Academy G. Voskresensky for the essay: “Characteristic features of four editions of the Slavic translation of the Gospel of Mark according to one hundred and twelve manuscripts of the Gospel of the 11th–16th centuries,” one for 276 rubles. – to the extraordinary professor of the academy S. Glagolev for the essay: “On the origin in the primitive state of the human race,” one for 275 rubles. - Associate Professor of the Academy I. Andreev for the essay: “The Patriarchs of Constantinople from the time of the Council of Chalcedon to Photius (Chronology of these patriarchs and sketches of the life and work of the most important of them)” and one in 262 rubles. – Associate Professor of the Academy A. Spassky for the essay: “The historical fate of the works of Apollinaris of Laodicea with a brief preliminary outline of his life”; at the Kazan Academy - two full awards of Metropolitan Macarius, 570 rubles. each, to professors of the academy P. Znamensky and M. Bogoslovsky and seven half, at 285 rubles. each, professors E. Malov, A. Gusev, M. Mashanov, P. Yungerov, A. Tsarevsky and associate professors A. Potekhin and L. Pisarev. Educational and support institutions at academies: libraries and museums In 1896, the library of the St. Petersburg Academy received 1,219 book titles (over 2,000 books), of which 417 titles were acquired through purchase, the remaining 802 titles (including 1 manuscript) were donated from various individuals and institutions; – among such donors, the most valuable is the donation of the Honored Ordinary Professor I. Troitsky in the amount of 370 books, and these books are distinguished by their rarity of editions, excellent preservation and excellent bindings. In 1897, the library received 976 titles, of which 483 titles were purchased, the remaining 493 titles were donated from various individuals and institutions. Among those donated, noteworthy: 1) 5 issues of the important and expensive publication Hatch n Redpath A. Concordance to the septuagint and the other Greek versions of the Old Testament. Oxford, 1892–96, 2) Greek handwritten Evangelistary of the 11th century (donated by Professor I. Troitsky) and 3) 20 volumes of the complete Montfaucon edition containing L’antiquité expliqée - 15 volumes and Les Monuments de la Monarchie Fransaise - 5 volumes (donated by the court archpriest D. Sokolov). All 20 volumes are perfectly preserved, bound in beautiful parchment; According to antique catalogues, this entire publication costs up to 2,000 francs. In total, by the end of the reporting period, the library contains 64,093 titles of books and manuscripts. In the 1895–96 academic year, the library of the Kyiv Academy received books, brochures, manuscripts, etc. - 616 titles, of which 191 titles (287 volumes) were received as gifts and exchanges from various individuals and institutions. Of the newly acquired books, complete copies of the “Ancient Russian Vivliofika (in 20 parts) and the “Continuation” of it (in 11 parts) can be noted as a bibliographic rarity. In the 1896–97 school year, 751 titles of books and other publications were received, of which 224 titles (413 volumes) were received as gifts or exchanges from various individuals and institutions. In total, by the end of the reporting period, there were printed books and brochures, manuscripts, etc. - 27,684 titles, of which books and brochures - 25,683 titles in the amount of 54,492 volumes, 776 manuscripts, 78 acts and charters. In the 1895-96 academic year, the library of the Moscow Academy was replenished with 892 titles of books, brochures, etc. in 1,117 volumes, of which 637 titles in 820 volumes were purchased, and 255 titles in 297 volumes were donated from various individuals and institutions and in exchange for an academic journal. In the 1896–97 academic year, the library was replenished with 914 titles of books and brochures in 1,184 volumes, including 242 titles in 306 volumes that came to the library as a gift from various individuals and institutions. In the 1895–96 academic year, the library of the Kazan Academy received 726 titles of books and manuscripts in 1,317 volumes, of which 546 titles in 971 volumes were acquired by purchase. Among the donations, it should be noted a very significant and valuable donation of manuscripts and books from the library of the late honorary member of the academy N. Ilminsky. Periodical publications included up to 170 titles. In the 1896–97 academic year, the library received 755 titles in 1,399 volumes, of which 440 titles in 803 volumes were purchased. By the end of the reporting period, the total number of books and manuscripts was 27,156 titles in 60,471 volumes. Periodical publications included up to 177 titles. The church-archaeological collection at the St. Petersburg Academy and church-archaeological museums at the Kyiv and Moscow academies continued to be enriched with monuments of church antiquity, partly received as gifts from various individuals and institutions, partly acquired with special funds. The most valuable donations and those of archaeological interest went to the museums of the Moscow and Kyiv Academies. By the way, the following were donated to the Museum of the Moscow Academy: by the priest of the Ryazan diocese S. Ostroumov, a cast-iron eight-point icon of the betrothal of the Blessed Virgin Mary to Righteous Joseph, colored in relief; by the priest of Moscow F. Preobrazhensky - a portrait of St. Tikhon, painted during his lifetime and later decorated with a halo, and a square, quarter-sized copper plate worth two Swedish thalers of 1716, Charles XII; priest of the Vologda diocese A. Voskresensky - popular print wedding crowns with the image of Emmanuel and the Sign of the Mother of God on them and two perfectly preserved linen antimensions from 1724 and 1743; the priest of the Moscow diocese A. Konstantinovsky - a jasper cross - encolpius, in a silver frame with pearls, and the professor of the academy D. Golubinsky - a gold coin, worth a ruble, 1756. The museum of the Kiev Academy received a valuable donation from the collection of the late honorary member of the academy and church-archaeological society D.S.S.N.A. Leopardov, according to his will, in the amount of 717 nos. On the introduction of the sciences of history and analysis of Western confessions and the history and exposure of the Russian schism into the range of compulsory subjects of academic education The current charter of theological academies includes, among other things, the history and analysis of Western confessions and the history and denunciation of the Russian schism among the special subjects of the second (historical) group, the study of which is left to the free choice of students. In view of every year, more and more often repeated cases of admission of graduates of academies to the positions of teachers of the law in secular educational institutions, observers of parish schools, diocesan missionaries, etc., connected with the acceptance of holy orders. etc., as well as for the places of ordinary parish priests, the council of the Moscow Theological Academy, recognizing that familiarity with the above-mentioned subjects of academic education for future pastors of the Church, especially among the students of the Moscow Academy, is essential, decided to ask the petition of His Eminence Sergius, Metropolitan of Moscow, for permission to make listening to lectures on the history and analysis of Western confessions and history and the denunciation of the Russian schism mandatory for all students of the Moscow Academy. The Holy Synod in December 1896 decided: in view of the need for knowledge of history and analysis of Western confessions and the history and denunciation of the Russian schism for the pastors of the Church who have completed the course of academic teaching, excluding the study of the sciences of history and analysis of Western confessions and the history and denunciation of the Russian schism from among the special subjects of the historical group in theological academies, to make these sciences generally compulsory subjects of academic education. On the introduction of uniforms for students of the Kazan Academy and on increasing the salary of state-funded students In April 1896, the Holy Synod decided: 1) to allow the Council of the Kazan Theological Academy to introduce uniforms for academic students according to the model established for students of other academies, for students who want to wear spiritual clothes, students, cassocks of the cut suggested by the rector of the academy and 2) to allocate one thousand fifty rubles from the spiritual and educational capital for the construction of uniforms for students of the Kazan Theological Academy at a time and raise since 1897, the salary for state-paid students of the Kazan Theological Academy is up to 200 rubles. for everyone. There were only 58 theological seminaries. The total number of students in 1896 was 18,624, in 1897 - 19,151, state-funded - 6,317 and 6,220; those using benefits - 3291 and 3119 and self-paid - 9016 and 9812. Leaders and teachers at theological seminaries - 1017 and 998. Some private orders regarding seminaries and employees in them His Eminence of Sukhumi, reporting that the congress of deputies of the clergy of the Sukhumi diocese attracted those churches that have income to participate in raising funds for the maintenance of the theological seminary in Kutais, asked for guidance regarding the limits of the amount in which church sums can be allocated to the needs of theological educational institutions in the Transcaucasian region. As a result of this, the Holy Synod in May 1896 decided: to allow His Eminence of Sukhumi, in order to cover the costs of maintaining the Kutaisi Theological Seminary, to establish a percentage fee on income: a) sufficient churches of the Sukhumi diocese, so that such collection does not exceed the amount established by the Highest orders of December 21, 1870 and December 9, 1878, i.e. 14% and b) less sufficient, not more than 4% from the income of the circle, purse and candle, and poor churches are completely exempt from collection. Taking into account that due to a three-year consecutive crop failure, the clergy of the Pskov diocese lost most of the income from the parishioners, as a result of which some of the clergy could be forced to stop the education of their children in the seminary due to lack of funds, the Holy Synod in June 1896 decided to increase from the 189 6/7 academic year, temporarily, for 3 years, the number of government vacancies in Pskov Seminary for 12, with a salary of 90 rubles. for each, to the account of spiritual and educational capital. As a result of the petition of His Eminence of Vologda to accept, at the expense of the Holy Synod, the maintenance of parallel departments for the III and IV classes of the Vologda Theological Seminary, the Holy Synod, having taken into account that in the said seminary, with a very significant number of students (up to 527), only two parallel departments for the I and II classes are maintained at the expense of the Holy Synod, while local diocesan funds maintain 5 parallel departments (with grades II–VI) and that, according to the testimony of His Eminence Vologda, a significant number of parallel departments is extremely burdensome for the clergy, who spend a very significant amount on the spiritual and educational part of the diocese, especially recently, when it is necessary to make significant expenses for the necessary buildings for the theological schools of the diocese, for which a special collection is already being made from churches, by definition dated July 3–13, 1896. decided, in order to alleviate expenses from local funds of the Vologda diocese for the spiritual and educational part, to accept the maintenance of 2 parallel departments at the III and IV classes of the Vologda Theological Seminary from the beginning of the 1896–97 academic year at the expense of spiritual and educational capital. As a result of the petition of the Board of the Krasnoyarsk Theological Seminary, the Holy Synod decided to accept the maintenance of the personnel of the Krasnoyarsk Theological Seminary from the day of its opening, August 16, 1895, entirely into the account of spiritual and educational capital, and the allowance assigned from the local funds of the Yenisei Diocese in the amount of 10,000 rubles. pay for the maintenance of the seminary on other items, allowing the congresses of the clergy to spend the remainder of this amount on construction and other needs of the seminary; in the event of a shortage of this amount, as all 6 classes are opened to meet the needs of the seminary (except for personnel), the amount missing for maintenance, in excess of 10 thousand rubles, must also be attributed to the account of spiritual and educational capital. Taking into account the significant increase in prices for apartments and living products in Nizhny Novgorod, on the occasion of the All-Russian Exhibition, the Holy Synod, in its resolution of October 4–15, 1896, decided: to assign a one-time allowance to the rector, inspector, 3 assistant inspectors and 13 teachers of the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary, the caretaker, the assistant caretaker and 5 teachers of the Nizhny Novgorod Theological School: to the rector 200 rubles, inspector 150, 3 assistant inspectors 50 rubles each. each, caretaker 150 rubles, assistant caretaker and 18 teachers 100 rubles each. each, only two thousand five hundred and fifty rubles. from spiritual and educational capital. Taking into account that the doctor’s remuneration of 300 rubles was determined by the highest staff of the Alexander Missionary Seminary, approved on August 12, 1895. (including 150 rubles for teaching hygiene at the seminary) is insufficient to support a special doctor, since the latter must live on one salary, without having extraneous occupations, which constitute the main source of support for doctors of other seminaries located in cities. The Holy Synod, by definition of February 7–17, 1897, decided to increase from January 1, 1897 the staffing of a doctor at the Alexander Missionary Theological Seminary by 450 rubles. (i.e. up to 750 rubles) to the account of spiritual and educational capital. On increasing the annual estimated allocation for the maintenance of buildings of some theological seminaries The Most Reverend Exarch of Georgia, in view of the annually repeated delays in the costs of maintaining the house of the Tiflis Theological Seminary in comparison with the estimated assignment for this subject, filed a petition in 1896 to increase the annual estimated allocation for the maintenance of the seminary house to 10,108 rubles. instead of the 6,700 rubles allocated according to the estimate. After considering this petition, the Holy Synod in May 1896 decided: to the amount of 6,700 rubles allocated for the maintenance of the house and for household expenses for the Tiflis Theological Seminary, add 3,300 rubles from 1896, which will amount to a total of 10,000 rubles for this item, with the attribution of the said addition until the improvement of the funds of the Georgian Church treasury, to the account of spiritual and educational capital. As a result of similar petitions from the Eminences of Tobolsk, Irkutsk and Samara, the Holy Synod decided: a) the amount allocated from spiritual and educational capital for the maintenance of the house and for household expenses at the Tobolsk Theological Seminary (5,700 rubles) should be increased by 800 rubles. and since 1898, six thousand five hundred rubles have been allocated from the spiritual and educational capital for this subject. per year (definition dated September 17–24, 1897), b) the amount allocated for the maintenance of the house and for household expenses at the Irkutsk Theological Seminary (6000 rubles) should be increased from 1898 to seven thousand rubles. to the account of spiritual and educational capital (definition dated September 15–21, 1897) and c) the amount allocated for the maintenance of the house and for business expenses for the Samara Seminary (5,200 rubles) should be increased from 1898 to seven thousand rubles, with this expense attributable to the account of spiritual and educational capital (definition dated October 8–22, 1098). There were 185 all theological schools. The total number of students in them was 31,688 in 1896, 31,381 in 1897, of which 10,264 and 10,067 were state-funded; self-cost – 21.424 and 21.314. Teachers and leaders - 1818 and 1787. Some orders on religious schools As a result of the petition of the Right Reverend Kholm-Warsaw for the establishment of two new positions of tutors at the Warsaw Theological School, the Holy Synod, in view of the fact that due to the special position of the Warsaw Theological School in a city with a large Polish population and the predominant composition of students from other classes, the majority of whom are not sufficiently prepared to successfully complete the school course and even have poor command of Russian speech, the establishment of special positions of tutors for the two junior classes of the school, in the opinion of the Right Reverend Kholmsko-Warsaw, seems necessary for the correct and successful conduct of educational and educational affairs - by a resolution dated August 20–27, 1897, he decided: to allow the Eminence Kholmsko-Warsaw to establish two new positions of tutors in the Warsaw Theological School, with a remuneration of 200 rubles. per year for each, with this expense attributed to the fee charged to students of other classes for the right to study at the school. In accordance with the increased salary of teachers of theological schools with secondary education from 420 rubles. up to 500 rub. The Holy Synod established (determination dated May 7–15, 1896) for them a new amount of lesson pay for teaching lessons in vacant departments from August 16, 1894, i.e., from the date of the introduction of the increased salary, determining it from the annual salary of 500 rubles, 78 kopecks each. for each actually given lesson (instead of 65 kopecks). Women's schools of the ecclesiastical department and some private orders regarding them There are 13 women's schools of the ecclesiastical department under the patronage of the Empress. With the highest permission of the Empress Maria Feodorovna, which followed on the 20th day of June 1897, the Holy Synod allowed women's schools of the ecclesiastical department, following the example of diocesan women's schools, to send their students to their parents' homes, in addition to the summer holidays, for spring and winter vacations, i.e. on the holidays of St. Easter and the Nativity of Christ, so that the parents and relatives of the pupils monitor the girls’ regular attendance at church on the prescribed days of worship and certainly return the girls to the school by the appointed time, with the provision to the school Boards, in case of unauthorized lateness, to deprive the pupils of the right to dismissal the next time. Taking into account that in the Mogilev Women's School, transformed in 1892 from a 3-grade to a 6-grade, there are only 3 teachers and 3 assistant teachers to supervise pupils of all 6 grades and that, according to the statement of the Board of the school, certified by the Eminence Mogilevsky, such a limited staff of teachers seems insufficient in educational interests, the Holy Synod proposed to establish a spiritual department at the Mogilev Women's School from the beginning of the 1896–7 academic year, i.e., from August 16, 1896, three full-time positions of teachers with a salary of two hundred rubles. per year from spiritual and educational capital. The Empress, on the 19th day of June 1896, deigned to approve the said proposal of the Holy Synod. As a result of the petition of the head of the Polotsk women's school, the Holy Synod in August 1896 proposed to establish in the said school, following the example of other women's schools of the ecclesiastical department, a full-time position of a teacher in the economic department, with a salary of 160 rubles. per year to the account of spiritual and educational capital, with the provision of all rights assigned by the charter of the school to full-time mentors of this school. The said determination of the Holy Synod by Empress Maria Feodorovna, on the 12th day of October 1896, was supremely approved. Taking into account that the salary currently received by the teachers of the Parichsky women's school of theological department (35 rubles per lesson) and the pensions provided to them are currently extremely insufficient, especially in comparison with the salaries and pensions of teachers of male religious educational institutions, which encourages the teachers of the Parichsky school to change their service to the detriment of the correct organization of educational affairs in the school. The Holy Synod, in its resolution of February 12–22, 1897, proposed: 1) to increase, starting in 1897, the salary: for teachers of the law and teachers of the Parich Women’s School with higher education to 50 rubles, and for teachers with secondary education to 40 rubles. for each annual lesson and teachers of singing and calligraphy - the first one up to 300 rubles. and the second up to 200 rubles. per year, with the expenses required for this being attributed to the account of spiritual and educational capital and 2) to raise pension salaries for teachers of the law and teachers of this school to the amount of pensions established for teachers of men's religious schools in 3rd category areas, namely: for persons with higher education up to 650 rubles. and for persons with secondary education up to 350 rubles. per year, with an increase for length of service over 25 years of one-fifth of this salary for each full five years of service until the length of service of double pension salary. The said assumption of the Holy Synod by your Imperial Majesty on March 29, 1897 was most highly approved. In view of the certificate from the head of the Tsarskoe Selo Women's School about the insufficiency of the existing staffing of the caretaker of the school house given the increasing high cost of all basic necessities, the Holy Synod proposed to increase, from January 1, 1897, the staffing for the position of the caretaker of the house of the Tsarskoe Selo Women's School of the Spiritual Department by 300 rubles. to the account of spiritual and educational capital. The said assumption of the Holy Synod was highly approved by Empress Maria Feodorovna on the 19th day of April 1897. The head of the Volyn women's school of the ecclesiastical department filed a petition in 1896 to increase the means of maintaining the school entrusted to her to satisfy its various needs, namely: a) to accept, at the expense of the Holy Synod, the expenses for the salaries of the 3rd mentors and their 1st assistant, made from local funds, granting them the right to pensions and to a percentage increase in salary based on the length of service of each five-year period, on an equal basis with full-time mentors and their assistants, b) on an additional allocation to increase the salary of teachers by 1,500 rubles, c) on an increase in the amount for various business expenses by 1,170 rubles. and d) on increasing the salary for the maintenance of 45 state-paid pupils, 10 rubles each. for each. As a result of this and according to the review of the Right Reverend Volynsky, the Holy Synod, by resolution of April 30 - May 10, 1897, decided: the current salary for the maintenance of 45 government-paid pupils (80 rubles per year) at the Volyn School should be increased from 1897 to 90 rubles. per year, i.e. add 10 rubles. for each pupil, and only 450 rubles. per year, to the account of spiritual-educational capital, and also to accept into the account of spiritual-educational capital the expense, in the established amount, for the production of pensions and one-time benefits for the 3rd mentors and the 1st assistant mentor of this school, who receive maintenance from local diocesan funds, so that from their content a 2% deduction is made into the composition of the spiritual-educational capital. As for the expenses for additional salaries for five years of service to the 3rd mentors and their 1st assistant at the Volyn school, receiving support from local funds, for an addition to the salaries of the school teachers and for household expenses in the amount requested by the head of the school, the Holy Synod allowed the Volyn Eminence to attribute the said expenses to local diocesan funds. In view of the fact that the 2nd Kiev Women's School of the Theological Department, the contents are entirely supported by local diocesan funds, now, with increasing expenses, needs to increase the funds for maintenance, and meanwhile the clergy of the Kyiv diocese, having in their care, in addition to two women's schools, five men's theological schools and preoccupied with raising capital for the establishment of a hostel at the Kyiv Theological Seminary, does not have the opportunity to increase the funds for the maintenance of this schools, the Holy Synod appointed an allowance for the maintenance of the 2nd Kyiv Women's School of the Spiritual Department from the spiritual and educational capital in the amount in which it was assigned to the 1st Kyiv Women's School, i.e. two thousand rubles. per year since 1896. The state of diocesan girls' schools In the 1895–96 academic year, there were 51 schools, of which 38 had a full six-class structure, 11 had a full three-class structure, and 2, as recently opened, had only one or two classes. The more crowded ones have parallel branches; in the 1895-96 academic year there were 68 of them at 21 schools. Preparatory classes existed only at 13 schools. At two schools, Penza and Astrakhan, there is a 7th pedagogical class. In 51 schools in the 1895–96 academic year, 13,617 pupils studied, of which 11,536 were daughters of clergy and 2,040 were of other classes. In 1896–97 there were already 52 schools; of these, 38 had a six-class structure with one-year courses, 1 had a five-class structure, 9 had a three-class structure with two-year courses, 2 had a three-class structure with one-year courses, 1 had a two-class structure with two-year courses, and 1 had a one-class structure. In the 1896–1897 academic year, there were 74 parallel departments at 23 schools, and preparatory classes existed at 11 schools. Of the total number of students studying in diocesan women's schools in 1895–96, 10,856 students lived in existing dormitories at the schools and only 2,761 were visiting students. Of the 10,856 pupils placed in dormitories, 3,393 received full support from diocesan funds, 790 were on scholarships established at schools, 750 pupils were half-paid and 5,923 were kept in hostels as self-paid boarders for a set fee. In all schools, 1,727 students completed the full course. Of the total number of students in the 1896–97 academic year, 3,347 poor pupils received full diocesan support in schools and 794 half, and on top of that, 665 pupils were supported by scholarships established in various schools or by funds from benefactors. There are shelters at four schools, and in recent years, at the diocesan women's schools, model parochial schools have begun to be set up for the teaching practice of school students. In the reporting year there were 36 such schools attached to colleges. In 1895–96, 2,014,039 rubles were spent on the maintenance of diocesan women’s schools, and in 1896–97 – 2,214,878 rubles. Regarding the expansion and improvement of school premises, the following was done: 1) At the Chisinau school, it was decided to build an extension, for which the congress of the clergy assigned the required amount of 45,000 rubles. 2) At the Vyatka School, at the beginning of the reporting year, a stone building for a model school was built. 3) A three-story stone extension was built at the Tula School, costing 40,000 rubles. 4) A two-story building is being erected at the Penza School. 5) A three-story extension was completed at the Astrakhan School, costing 27,500 rubles. 6) A water supply system was installed at the Derevyanitsky School, which was a significant need. 7) A special building for the hospital was built at the Derzhavinsky School. 8) The Veliky Ustyug School moved to premises that were newly built for it and fully adapted to its needs. 9) Construction of a special school building has begun for the Vladikavkaz school, located in a rented house. 10) At the Kharkov school, a new building was built to expand the school premises, costing 115.00 rubles, and a new building was built for a model school. At the Ryazan, Tula, Kaluga and St. Petersburg Isidorovsky schools there are societies to benefit poor students. For the Chisinau School, the Holy Synod approved a draft regulation on pensions for persons serving exclusively at the school. Pension capital reached 61,800 rubles. On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the St. Petersburg Isidorov School in 1895–96, the beginning of the compilation of pension capital was made in this school. The most important events in the spiritual and educational department in 1896 and 1897. On attracting children of foreigners studying in parochial and public schools to religious educational institutions His Grace Vyatsky initiated a petition for the introduction in all theological schools and seminaries of the Vyatka diocese of compulsory study of foreign languages Votsky and Cheremis with a reduction in lessons in Latin and mathematics, with the appointment of at least two lessons per week for foreign languages for each of them in each class and determination of salaries for teachers on a general basis. Taking into account that, according to the opinions of some of the bishops of those dioceses in which there are foreigners, there are no appropriate teachers for departments of foreign languages in local theological educational institutions, that the experiments made in local seminaries in establishing such departments turned out to be completely unsuccessful and that the best measure, according to the statement of many bishops, for educating foreigners and for familiarizing them with the Russian language would be widespread dissemination in areas with foreign population of parochial and primary schools and then attracting the most capable students of these schools to religious educational institutions, in order to prepare them for useful figures in the missionary field, and on the other hand, bearing in mind the urgent need for enlightened ministers of the Church, familiar not only with the language of foreigners and their religious beliefs, but also with the everyday and tribal characteristics of their characters and morals, their superstitions, that very important for successful action among them, the Holy Synod decided in January 1897. not to establish special full-time departments of foreign languages in theological schools and seminaries, but in return to provide the right reverends, in whose dioceses there are foreigners, a) take care of the widest possible distribution in areas with a foreign population of parochial literacy schools, ordering the local clergy to encourage foreign children to enroll in these schools, b) attract children with outstanding mental and moral qualities foreigners studying in parochial and public schools, in theological educational institutions, with the obligation upon leaving the seminary to serve as assigned by the diocesan authorities in foreign parishes and with exemption from studying ancient languages in theological schools and seminaries, but so that, upon completion of the seminary course, such students enjoy the rights of service, combined with seminary education, outside the diocesan department only in that case, if you pass the full test required by the statutes of theological seminaries in all subjects of the seminary course, not excluding ancient languages, and c) for the maintenance of such students, award scholarships from local diocesan funds, and in the event of a lack of such, in especially respectful cases, apply for the appointment of scholarships from synodal funds. On the opening of a diocesan women's school in Yekaterinodar and the transformation of the Rzhev School In view of the overcrowding of the Stavropol Diocesan Women's School and that circumstance. that some settlements of the Kuban region are more than 500 versts from Stavropol, with very difficult and sometimes impossible means of communication, the Holy Synod, at the request of His Eminence of Stavropol, allowed to open a diocesan women's school in the city of Ekaterinodar, so that the cost of purchasing the estate required for the school under the Rasp, in in the amount of 50,000 rubles, as well as all expenses for the construction of school buildings and the maintenance of the school were attributed to local funds of the Stavropol diocese, and for the first time it was allowed to open a preparatory and first grade of the school. Taking into account that the Rzhev School for Girls of the Clergy is fully adapted to the requirements of the charter of diocesan girls' schools and that the means for the proposed transformation of this school have been found, the Holy Synod, in accordance with the petition of His Eminence Tverskoy, allowed the transformation of the Rzhev School for Girls of the Clergy from a three-year school, with two-year courses, to a six-year school, with one-year courses, both the charter and the staff approved the said school, so that § 1 was stated as follows: “The Rzhev School, established for girls of the clergy of the Rzhev, Staritsky, Zubtsovsky and Ostashkovsky districts, is an educational institution aimed at the education and upbringing of the daughters of the clergy, according to their appointment to be worthy spouses of the servants of the altar of the Lord, guardians mothers and teachers of their children and teachers in church schools,” and that instead of pedagogy, the teaching of didactics should be introduced. On granting rights to pensions, increasing salaries, crediting service, etc. By the highest order of July 25, 1894, the pension salaries of assistant inspectors with higher education in theological seminaries were raised, on an equal basis with the pension salaries of teachers, while assistant inspectors from persons with secondary education, for a small number of them, the pension salary was left the same in the amount of 300 rubles. It was understood that when such persons retire, their pensions can be increased at the special request of the diocesan authorities. Now, as a result of requests received to increase the pension salaries of assistant inspectors of some seminaries from persons with secondary education, the Holy Synod, taking into account that such persons may continue to be allowed to correct the positions of assistant inspectors, in the determination dated April 24/May 1, 1896, assume that the pension salaries of these persons should be equalized with the salaries of pensions of teachers of theological schools from persons with secondary education, raising such salaries, at the expense of special funds of the Holy Synod, up to. 450 rub. for 1st category, 400 rub. 2nd category and 350 rubles. 3rd category localities specified in the highest decree of July 25, 1894, with the extension to them also of the right to receive increases for length of service of a full five years, in excess of 25 years, in the amount of one fifth of each salary, on the same basis as teachers. Your Imperial Majesty on the 12th day of June 1896 deigned to approve the stated assumptions of the Holy Synod. As a result of requests received from some of the Eminences for granting teachers of preparatory classes at theological schools the rights to pensions and benefits, the Holy Synod, having taken into account that these persons at theological schools bear no less work in preparing students for passing the school course than teachers of regular classes at theological schools, and that, in the absence of the right to pensions and one-time benefits, these persons try, at the first opportunity, to transfer to another service that provides their pensions, which has a very unfavorable effect on the progress of education in theological schools - in the resolution of July 10/22, 1896, he proposed to provide teachers of preparatory classes at theological schools, supported by diocesan funds, with the right to pensions and one-time benefits from theological educational capital on the same basis and in the same amount as established for teachers of full-time classes of theological schools. with credit given to teachers of preparatory classes for their entire service in these classes during the retirement period, so that the established 2% deduction from their maintenance for all the credited time is made into the spiritual and educational capital. Your Imperial Majesty on the 21st day of August 1896, the said assumption of the Holy Synod, will most highly deign to approve. Some boards of theological schools raised the issue of counting the service of teachers of preparatory classes of theological schools towards the period of service for receiving higher salaries in theological seminaries and schools. Bearing in mind that teachers of preparatory classes of theological schools already enjoy pension rights on the same basis as full-time teachers of schools and that the service of candidates of theology in parochial schools and diocesan women's schools is counted towards their length of service for an increased teaching salary of the 2nd category, the Holy Synod in December 1896 decided: the service of teachers of preparatory classes in theological schools, in the case transfer them to full-time positions in religious educational institutions, count them towards the period of service to receive increased salaries of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th categories, so that the said crediting of their service and length of service to the salary of the 2nd category is carried out from the date of this determination. On the same grounds, the resolution of the Holy Synod of December 20–31, 1896 decided: to count towards the length of service for receiving increased teaching salaries the salaries and service of overseers of students in theological seminaries and schools, in the event of their transfer to positions of full-time teachers in theological educational institutions. By resolution of the Holy Synod of April 25 – May 4, 1897, it was decided: the one-year period of time spent by candidates of theological academies as professorial fellows at the academies, in the event of their entering the service in theological seminaries and schools, should be counted towards the period of length of service to receive an increased salary of the 2nd category. In view of the fact that, according to the synodal definition of September 20–23, 1895, the service of candidates of theology in parochial schools is enlisted in time for the receipt of a senior salary when they transfer to service in theological seminaries and schools, the Holy Synod decided: to extend the effect of the said synodal resolution to diocesan observers of parochial schools (definition of May 17–18 1896 On the exemption of children of persons serving in ecclesiastical consistories and teachers of parochial schools from tuition fees Due to the limited content received by persons serving in ecclesiastical consistories in comparison with officials of other departments, the children of such persons are exempted by the Holy Synod from tuition fees in religious educational institutions (determination of November 22–29, 1896). Having then taken into account that students in parochial schools and charter schools receive a very limited allowance, as a result of which they find it difficult to pay fees for the maintenance and education of their children in religious educational institutions, as well as in the form of retaining teachers and female teachers of church schools in service for a longer time and to eliminate the commonly observed frequent change of teachers in these schools, due to the insecurity of their financial situation, the Holy Synod decided (determination dated July 9–24 1897) also exempt the children of teachers and teachers of parochial schools and literacy schools, who have served as teachers of these schools for at least 10 years with success and benefit, certified by the diocesan School Council, from paying tuition fees in theological educational institutions, on the same basis as the children of employees of the ecclesiastical educational department. On the issue of participation of students of religious educational institutions in various kinds of societies Taking into account that the participation of pupils of religious educational institutions in societies: charitable, gymnastics and others can be accompanied by unfavorable consequences in pedagogical terms, distracting pupils from the performance of direct duties, and bearing in mind that such their participation does not correspond to the social and financial situation of students in religious educational institutions, the Holy Synod, by its definition dated July 16–24, 1897 No. 2364, recognized It is undesirable to allow pupils of the above-mentioned institutions to participate in the above-mentioned societies. On the cessation of classes in religious educational institutions in the middle of the school year and the extension of vacations Due to the emergence of dangerous diseases among students, classes in some religious educational institutions were temporarily suspended in 1896. namely: in the Ishim and Privorotsky religious schools, on the occasion of the appearance of scarlet fever, in the first from January 8 to 15 and in the second from February 28 to April 1; in the Voronezh Theological School, due to students falling ill with diphtheria, from March 23 all students were sent to their parents’ homes so that fourth grade students would appear for final exams by May 8, and students of other classes by September 1; in the Volyn Women's School of the Spiritual Department, due to the spread of an epidemic of typhoid fever among them, the pupils were released to their parents' homes from November 18 to January 8; then, on the occasion of the work being carried out to repair the school buildings, it was allowed: the council of the Tula Diocesan Women's School to release the pupils for the summer holidays from May 1 and continue the vacation until September 15, so that admission tests and for some students transfer tests were carried out before September 15; The Board of the Kaluga Theological School to postpone the start of classes until September 11, so that transfer exams for those students to whom they are assigned will be carried out from August 26, admission tests for new entrants from September 3 and so that all school students return from vacation by September 10, and finally, the Board of the Sarapul Theological School to postpone the start of classes until September 20. Due to the appearance of scarlet fever among students at the Zvenigorod and Vitebsk religious schools and the Tver Diocesan Women's School in 1897, educational classes were temporarily stopped: at the Zvenigorod School from October 6 to November 15, at the Vitebsk School from December 3 to January 8 and at the Tver Diocesan Women's School from 14 to 27 November. Then, on the occasion of the work being carried out to repair the buildings of the Kostroma, Odessa and Tula theological seminaries, it was allowed: a) the board of the Kostroma seminaries - to test for the year at the beginning of May only pupils of the sixth grade and at the beginning of September those pupils of other classes who receive unsatisfactory scores for the year and in those very subjects in which they perform poorly; (satisfactory) scores on achievement and behavior; b) the board of the Odessa Theological Seminary - to extend the summer holidays until September 1 and c) the board of the Tula Seminary - to begin re-exams and admission tests from September 23, and training classes from September 30. On the establishment of scholarships at religious educational institutions and donations to these institutions In 1896, scholarships were established: one each at the theological seminary, five theological schools and two women's schools of the ecclesiastical department of the Kyiv diocese on interest from the capital donated by His Grace Metropolitan Ioannikis of Kyiv in the amount of 20,000 rubles. so that the scholarship holders of the academy, seminary and five theological schools are called scholarship holders of your imperial majesty, and the scholarship holders of two women's schools of the ecclesiastical department are called scholarship holders of your imperial majesty the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna; at the Kazan Theological Academy - one named after the Archpriest of the Warsaw Cathedral Tikhon Gorizontov for interest on the capital donated by him in the amount of 5,000 rubles; at the Kyiv Theological Academy - one named after State Councilor Nikolai Leopardov for interest on the capital bequeathed to him in the amount of 10,000 rubles; at theological seminaries: Chisinau - one named after the late Emperor Alexander III in Bose for interest on the capital donated by the clergy of the Chisinau diocese in the amount of 2,400 rubles. and one in the name of the actual Privy Councilor Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev for proposals from the capital donated by the same clergy in the amount of 2,300 rubles; Nizhny Novgorod - one in the name of the Right Reverend Justin of Kherson for interest on the capital donated by him in the amount of 2,300 rubles; Penza - one in the name of the late sovereign Emperor Alexander III in Bose for interest on the capital donated by His Eminence Paul of Penza, the clergy and employees of the diocesan administration and spiritual and scientific institutions of the Penza diocese of 2,400 rubles; Perm - one named after Archpriest Dimitry Korovin 3,000 rubles; Smolenskaya - one named after Abbot Pavel, former abbot of the Yukhnovsky Kavansky Monastery, for interest on the capital donated by him in the amount of 2,500 rubles; Stavropol - one named after the Right Reverend Agathodorus from the capital donated by him in the amount of 2,100 rubles; Tobolskaya - two names of Archpriest Dimitry Serebrennikov for interest on the capital donated by him in the amount of 5,400 rubles. and Yakutskaya - one under the name of the scholarship of Your Imperial Majesty and Their Imperial Majesties the Empresses Alexandra Feodorovna and Maria Fvodorovna for interest on the capital donated by His Grace Meletius of Yakutia in the amount of 5,000 rubles; at theological schools: Arkhangelsk - one named after the Right Reverend Alexander, former bishop of Arkhangelsk, and now Polotsk, for interest on the capital donated by him in the amount of 2,000 rubles; Vladimir - one in the name of the Right Reverend Theognost Archbishop, formerly of Vladimir, now of Novgorod, for interest on the capital donated by the clergy and church elders of the Vladimir diocese in the amount of 2,150 rubles; Elisavetgradskoe - one named after the widow of the priest Maria Goloskevich for interest on the capital she donated in the amount of 3,100 rubles; Zhitomir - one in the name of the priest’s wife Nadezhda Yarotskaya for interest on the capital bequeathed by her and donated by the priest Elevferiy Yarotsky in the amount of 1,500 rubles; Sapozhkovsky - one in the name of the Right Reverend Macarius, former Archbishop of Don, for interest on the capital bequeathed to him in the amount of 3,000 rubles; Sumy - one named after the priest John Maksimovich for interest on what was donated by the parishioners of the Trinity Church in the city. Capital sums of 1,500 rubles; Ust-Medveditsky - one named after the Right Reverend Macarius, former Archbishop of Donskoy, for interest on the capital bequeathed to him in the amount of Z.000 rubles. and Kherson - one in the name of the wife of the hereditary honorary citizen Anastasia Agarkova for interest on the capital donated by her husband Agarkov in the amount of 5,000 rubles; at the diocesan women's schools: Arkhangelsk - one in the name of Her Imperial Majesty Empress Maria Feodorovna on interest from the capital donated by His Eminence Nikanor, the former Bishop of Arkhangelsk, now Oryol, to the monasteries of the Arkhangelsk diocese and private individuals of the capital of 1,700 rubles; Vladikavkaz - one called Nikolaevskaya, in memory of the wedding of Your Imperial Majesty, on interest from the capital donated by the clergy of the Vladikavkaz diocese in the amount of 3,100 rubles; Vladimirsky - one named after Archpriest Andrei Berezhkov for interest on the capital donated by him in the amount of 2,000 rubles; Donskoy - one in the name of the Right Reverend Macarius, former Archbishop of Donskoy, for interest on the capital bequeathed to him in the amount of 3,000 rubles. and one named after the Military Foreman of the Don Army Mikhail Makarov for interest on the capital donated by him in the amount of 3,000 rubles; Moscow Mariinsky - one named after Messrs. Protopopovs for interest on the capital bequeathed to the psalm-reader's daughter Maria Protopopova in the amount of 1,800 rubles; Perm - one in the name of the Right Reverend Vladimir, bishop, formerly of Perm, and now of Nizhny Novgorod, for interest on the capital donated by the clergy of the Perm diocese in the amount of 2,062 rubles. 9 kopecks and one in the name of the deceased Bishop of Perm Ephraim, Archpriest Dimitry Korovin and other benefactors on interest from the capital donated by the clergy of the Perm diocese and received according to the spiritual wills of Archpriests Vasii Pribylev and Dimitry Korovin and paramedic Nikolai Prozorovsky of the capital in the amount of 2,642 rubles. 90 kopecks and Stavropol - one in the name of the Right Reverend Herman, the former bishop of the Caucasus, on interest from the capital donated by the clergy of the Stavropol diocese in the amount of 3,276 rubles. and one in the name of the Right Reverend Isaac, former vicar of the Stavropol diocese for interest on the capital donated by the same clergy of 3,200 rubles; at the women's schools of the religious department: Irkutsk - one named after the wife of Major General Elizaveta Kukel for interest on the capital donated by her in the amount of 2,650 rubles; Kiev 2nd - one named after Archpriest Peter Lebedintsev for interest on the capital donated by the clergy of the Kyiv diocese in the amount of 3,400 rubles. and Tsarskoye Selo - named after Metropolitan Palladius of St. Petersburg for interest on the capital donated by an unknown person in the amount of 2,500 rubles; at the school of the Moscow Diocesan Intercession Community of Sisters of Mercy, eight - named after the Moscow merchant Feodor Samoilov on interest on the capital donated by him in the amount of 20,000 rubles. and, finally, on interest on the capital donated by His Eminence Agathodorus of Stavropol in the amount of 3,000 rubles. A scholarship was established in the name of the donor to support one of the children of poor Abkhazians of the Orthodox faith, natives of the Sukhumi diocese, in one of the religious educational institutions located in the provinces of Russia neighboring the Caucasus. In 1897, scholarships were also established: at the Kyiv Theological Academy - one named after the hereditary honorary citizen Vasily Feologo for interest on the capital bequeathed to him in the amount of 12,500 rubles; at the St. Petersburg Theological Academy - one named after the Right Reverend Metropolitan Palladius of St. Petersburg for interest on the capital donated by the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in the amount of 5,000 rubles. and one named after Maria and Vasily Chubinsky for interest on the capital bequeathed by the widow of the privy councilor Maria Chubinskaya in the amount of 7,000 rubles; at theological seminaries: Irkutsk - one named after Philip and Anna Trapeznikov on interest from the capital donated by the wife of a hereditary honorary citizen Olympiada Mylnikova in the amount of 3,000 rubles; Kievskaya - one in the name of court councilor Matvey Stytsenko for interest on the capital bequeathed to him in the amount of 2,000 rubles, which has now increased to 2,400 rubles; Odessa - one named after Archpriest Mikhail Ugrinovich for interest on the capital bequeathed to him in the amount of 3,500 rubles; Podolskaya - one in memory of the Holy Coronation on May 14, 1896, on interest from the capital donated by the board of the said seminary and the capital of 2,400 rubles existing at the seminary by the St. John the Theological Brotherhood. and another named after the former student of the said seminary, John Strelbitsky, for interest on the capital donated by the Right Reverend Modest of Volyn of 3,000 rubles; Poltavskaya - one named after the priest Grigory Borovsky for interest on the capital bequeathed to him in the amount of 2,000 rubles, which has now increased to 2,279 rubles; Ryazanskaya - one in the name of the widow of the priest Anastasia Nekrasova for interest on the capital bequeathed by her in the amount of 2,400 rubles; St. Petersburg - one named after the Right Reverend Metropolitan Palladius of St. Petersburg for interest on the capital donated by him in the amount of 3,150 rubles; Tambov - one under the name of a scholarship of Your Imperial Majesty and Sovereign Empress Alexandra Feodorovna for interest: from the capital donated by the clergy of the diocese in the amount of 2,794 rubles. and Kholmskaya - one called a scholarship to the Life Guards of the Lithuanian Regiment in memory of the sacred coronation of Your Imperial Majesty and Sovereign Empress Alexandra Feodorovna for interest on the capital donated by the officers of the said regiment in the amount of 3,300 rubles; at theological schools: Viglensky and Zhirovitsky - each in the name of the former rector of the Suprasl monastery, Archimandrite Nikodim, for interest on the capital bequeathed to him in the amount of 2,400 rubles. for the Vilna School and 2,300 rubles. for the Zhirovitsky School; Orenburg - one named after Sergius and Maria Ivanov for interest on the capital bequeathed by the Orenburg merchant widow Maria Ivanova in the amount of 2,500 rubles; Saratov - one in the name of the Right Reverend Metropolitan of Kyiv Ioannikiy for interest on the capital donated by the clergy of the Saratov school district in the amount of 2,000 rubles. and Tobolsk - two names of Archpriest Dimitry Serebrennikov for interest on the capital bequeathed to him in the amount of 5,000 rubles, which has now increased to 5,400 rubles; at the diocesan women's schools: Ekaterinodar - one named after the Right Reverend Ekaterinodar Agathodorus for interest on the capital donated by him in the amount of 3,000 rubles; Isidorovsky (in St. Petersburg) - one in the name of the Right Reverend Metropolitan Palladius of St. Petersburg for interest on the capital donated by the St. Petersburg metropolitan clergy in the amount of 3,292 rubles; Kaluga - two on interest from the capital collected by the clergy of the Kaluga diocese of 5,203 rubles, and one of the said scholarships was given the name of Your Imperial Majesty's scholarship, and the other - Her Imperial Majesty the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna; Orenburg - one named after Sergius and Maria Ivanov for interest on the capital donated by the executor of the Ivanovs in the amount of 2,500 rubles; Tverskoy - one in the name of the late Right Reverend Savva Tverskoy for interest on the capital bequeathed to him in the amount of 2,500 rubles; Tobolsk - two names of the deceased wife of Archpriest Dimitry Serebrennikov on interest on the capital bequeathed by this archpriest in the amount of 5,000 rubles, which has now increased to 5,400 rubles. and Yakutsk - one in the name of the Right Reverend Meletius, bishop, former Yakutsvago, now Ryazan, for interest on capital of 3,400 rubles, allocated by the clergy of the Yakut diocese from free external funds; at the women's schools of the ecclesiastical department: Kiev 1st - two names of Archpriest Peter Lebedintsev and his wife Alexandra for interest on the capital bequeathed by this archpriest in the amount of 5,550 rubles. and one in the name of the priest Alexander and his wife Fotina Podgursky for interest on the capital donated by the widow of the priest Fotina Podgursky in the amount of 3,100 rubles; Kiev 2nd - two names of Archpriest Peter Lebedintsev and his wife Alexandra for interest on the capital donated by this archpriest in the amount of 5,550 rubles. and Parichsky - one named after the founder of this school, Maria Pushchina, for interest on the capital donated by the clergy of the Minsk diocese in the amount of 1,700 rubles; at the school of the Moscow Diocesan Intercession Community of Sisters of Mercy - one named after the daughter of the hereditary honorary citizen Ekaterina Prokhorova for interest on the capital donated by the hereditary honorary citizen Praskovya Prokhorova in the amount of 2,500 rubles. and one in the name of the wife of the hereditary honorary citizen Praskovya Serebryakova for interest on the capital donated by her in the amount of 2,000 rubles. Moreover, according to the spiritual will of the widow of the actual state councilor Ekaterina Dyukova, 6,000 rubles were received by the Board of the Tver Theological Seminary. for the establishment of four scholarships named after Peter and Catherine Dyukov at the seminary and according to the spiritual will of the actual state councilor Viktor Levitsky, 16,059 rubles were received by the Economic Administration at the Holy Synod. 37 kopecks for the establishment of scholarships at the Podolsk Theological Seminary. Regardless of the establishment of scholarships in religious educational institutions, philanthropist Yulia Bazhanova donated 10,000 rubles in 1896. for the construction of a new building for the dormitory of the Yakut Theological Seminary; in 1897 donated by: hereditary honorary citizen Elizaveta Sapozhnikova capital of 3,100 rubles. to issue benefits from a percentage of it to poor students of the Irkutsk Theological Seminary: the wife of a hereditary honorary citizen, Yulia Bazhanova, capital of 15,000 rubles. for the construction of a dacha for the students of the same (Irkutsk) seminary staying for the holidays and the widow of the Privy Councilor Maria Chubinskaya - a capital of 18,000 rubles. for the establishment of a prize named after Mary and Vasily Chubinsky at the St. Petersburg Theological Academy for the best essay on theology. About funds for the maintenance of religious educational institutions for 1896 and 1897. Income for the maintenance of spiritual educational institutions and other needs for the spiritual educational part in 1896 was calculated at 5,855,008 rubles, including: from the State Treasury 2,195,268 rubles, interest collection on church income 1,676,188 rubles, interest on spiritual and educational capital 1,288,220 rubles, contributions from churches and clergy to repay loans 69,744 rubles, from the funds of the Georgian Exarchate, Don, Yenisei and Tauride dioceses and other local funds of the spiritual department 141,108 rubles, from the capital of the clergy of the Western Territory 62,840 rubles, interest on capital donated to the benefit of religious educational institutions 94,429 rubles, maintenance fees boarders and other paying pupils 239,210 rubles, from the sale of books and teaching aids 1,000 rubles, from quitrent articles 18,208 rubles, from petty receipts 23,271 rubles, from outside departments 4,600 rubles. and cash balances RUB 40,922. In 1896, 564,391 rubles were allocated to this income account for the maintenance of 4 academies, 2,827,595 rubles for 57 seminaries; 183 men's schools 1,508,201 rub. and 17 women's schools of the spiritual department 289,095 rubles, total 5,189,282 rubles; in addition, 340,000 rubles for construction needs for the educational department. and for various other expenses (maintenance of educational institutions under special provisions, training, travel allowances and initial establishment of religious educational institutions, etc.) 325,726 rubles, and a total of 5,855,008 rubles. In 1897, a total of 6,147,099 rubles were estimated for expenses, including: from the State Treasury 2,349,541 rubles, interest collection on church income 1,676,425 rubles, interest on spiritual and educational capital 1,299,294 rubles, contributions from churches and clergy to repay loans 62,045 rubles, from the funds of the Georgian Exarchate, Don, Tauride and Yenisei dioceses and other local funds of the spiritual department 154,860 rubles, from the capital of the clergy of the Western Territory 63,026 rubles, interest on the capital of religious educational institutions 99,603 rubles, fees for the maintenance of boarders and other paying pupils 319,236 rubles, from the sale of books and teaching aids 600 rubles, from quitrent items 46,638 rubles, from petty receipts 22,493 rubles, from outside departments 12,390 rubles. and cash balances RUB 40,948. In 1897, against this income, 582,761 rubles were allocated for the maintenance of 4 academies. 23 kopecks; 58 seminaries RUB 2,955,854 78 kopecks; 183 men's schools 1,511,565 rubles. 40 kopecks and 18 women's schools of the spiritual department 293,186 rubles. 78 kopecks, total after rounding 5,343,368 rubles; in addition, 372,000 rubles for construction needs for the educational department. and for various other expenses (maintenance of educational institutions under special provisions, training, travel allowances and initial establishment of religious educational institutions, etc.) 431,731 rubles, and a total of 6,147,099 rubles. On the construction of new and renovation of old buildings of religious educational institutions Construction of new and renovation of existing buildings of religious educational institutions in 1896 and 1897. was carried out partly at the expense of spiritual and educational capital, partly with local diocesan funds. In total, in 1896, construction and renovation of buildings for religious educational institutions was authorized at the expense of special funds of the Holy Synod in the amount of 385,837 rubles. 55 kopecks and to the account of local funds for 329.937 rubles. 70 kopecks; in addition, 15,000 rubles were allocated from the spiritual and educational capital as a loan to the clergy for the construction of the building of the Belozersky Theological School. In fact, in 1896, 341,497 rubles were allocated from the spiritual and educational capital for the construction needs of religious educational institutions. 78 kop. and allowed to release from local diocesan funds for the purchase of real estate for the designated establishments 61,530 rubles. In 1897, it was authorized to repair the buildings of religious educational institutions at the expense of special funds of the Holy Synod in the amount of 253,480 rubles. 77 kop. and to the account of local funds for 3,000 rubles, it is allowed to borrow from spiritual and educational capital for the construction of the building of the Vladikavkaz Diocesan Women's School 25,000 rubles. In fact, in 1897, 345,614 rubles were allocated from spiritual and educational capital for the construction needs of religious and educational institutions. 42 kopecks; In addition, for the purchase of real estate for the Mogilev, Tiflis, Don Seminaries, the Kasimov Theological School and the Yakut Women's School, 17,000 rubles are allowed to be allocated from the spiritual and educational capital. and from local diocesan funds 29,350 rubles. Parish schools and literacy schools of the Russian Empire in 1896 and 1897 School management and supervision The highest administration of parochial schools and literacy schools in all dioceses of the Russian Empire, with the exception of Riga and Finland, belongs to the Holy Synod, under which, for the immediate management of church and school affairs, there is an Academic Council, chaired by the bishop present in the Holy Synod. Local management of church schools in each diocese belongs to the diocesan bishops, who manage the schools through the diocesan School Councils and their district branches. In some dioceses (Vladimir, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Simbirsk, Smolensk, Tver, etc.) the rights of the school council are granted to local diocesan Brotherhoods. The management of each church school is entrusted to the parish priest. General supervision of church and school affairs and care for the best organization of education and training lie with the responsibilities of the church and school inspectorate. The Chairman of the School Council at the Holy Synod was His Eminence Gury, who was present at the Holy Synod, and was appointed to this position by the determination of the Holy Synod of January 15–29, 1896. Since April 1896, the School Council was organized in accordance with the highest regulations on the management of church schools approved on February 26, 1896. The activities of the Council consisted of considering applications for the release of funds for the establishment and maintenance of church schools, examining books submitted for approval for the libraries of these schools, etc. Among the most important cases considered and decided by the Council, it should be noted: requesting benefits for church schools from the State Treasury, opening second-grade schools and organizing education in them, organizing courses for teachers of second-grade and one-grade schools. Since 1896, the Council, at its own expense, has been publishing the monthly magazine “National Education”, dedicated to issues of church and school affairs. By the beginning of the reporting period, there were 64 diocesan school councils and diocesan Brotherhoods in charge of church schools. By the definition of the Holy Synod, dated April 24, 1896, the Vologda Eminence was authorized to entrust the Council of the Stefano-Prokopievsky Brotherhood of Veliko-Ustyug with the management of parochial schools and literacy schools of Veliko-Ustyug vicariate of the Vologda diocese, due to the vastness of this diocese and the special conditions under which the mentioned vicariate was established. By the end of the reporting period, there were up to 576 county and district branches of diocesan councils. The activities of the Diocesan School Councils and their branches consisted of opening and maintaining church schools, finding good teachers for them, supplying them with books, arranging courses for teachers of church schools, and generally finding local means to maintain and spread public education in the spirit of the Orthodox Church. In the 1895–96 school year, the church and school inspection still existed on the same basis: in addition to the diocesan observer (which not every diocese had), in each district there were several district observers from local parish priests, who carried out the duties assigned to them in supervising schools free of charge. With the introduction of the highest approved regulations on the management of church schools, diocesan observers were appointed to each diocese and, in addition, in each district or district, one observer was appointed from among persons holding holy orders, with the determination of a special remuneration for their work in the amount of 240 rubles. up to 1200 rub. everyone. Some of the district or district observers were relieved of the duties of a parish priest, but the majority of observers were in parishes with two, three or more clergy. All district observers in 1897 consisted of 532 (except for the dioceses of Kholm-Warsaw, Transbaikal and Turkestan, in which observers had not yet been appointed). At the head of the church and school inspection, the Regulations of February 26, 1896 appointed an observer of parish schools and charters with two assistants. The activities of the central inspection of church schools were expressed in the audit of diocesan School Councils, district branches of these and church schools, and in the management of diocesan and district observers. The activities of diocesan and district observers consisted of visiting church schools as often as possible, caring for their material well-being, and generally promoting the development of church and school affairs. By the resolution of the Holy Synod of June 5, 1896, diocesan observers were granted participation in the management of exemplary schools existing at theological seminaries. The responsibilities of diocesan observers include compiling reports on the state of parochial schools and literacy schools in educational terms for each academic year. Parish priests, as heads of church schools, supervised the teaching and educational part of the schools and closely monitored the progress of school education. They also took care of the opening and establishment of new primary schools in their parishes and sought the necessary funds for their maintenance, attracting the local peasant population to the school and sometimes donating from their meager funds to the church and school affairs entrusted to their care. Number of church schools Number of students in them In the 1894–95 academic year, there were 31,835 church schools in Russia with 981,076 students of both sexes. In the 1895–96 academic year, the number of church schools increased to 34,836, and their students to 1,116,492 people. By January 1, 1898, there were 38,475 church schools, and 133,598 students. of both sexes. Thus, from the 1894–95 academic year to January 1, 1898, the number of schools increased by 6,640, and the number of students in them increased by 357,522 people. Separately, by year, the growth of church schools and students in them was expressed in the following figures. During the 1895–96 school year, 3,001 schools arrived, including 1,312 parochial and 1,689 literacy schools; the number of students increased by 135,416. In the following period, until January 1, 1898, the number of schools increased by another 3,639 (parochial by 2,579 and literacy schools by 1,060); the number of students increased during the same time by 222,106 people, in parish schools by 171,507 and in literacy schools by 50,599. Over the entire reporting period, church and school affairs developed most strongly in the dioceses of Lithuania (the number of schools increased by 408, and students by 8,621), Smolensk (schools by 306, students by 11,657), Podolsk (schools by 287, students by 15,700), Stavropol (schools by 263, students by 8,939), Voronezh schools - by 239, students - by 12,624), Don (schools - by 235, students - by 12,159), Minsk (schools - by 234, students - by 9,865), Tula (schools - by 233, students - by 11,908), Chernigov (schools - by 220, students - by 10,791). Turning to the increase in the number of students in church schools, one cannot help but see that the number of girls students increased especially strongly and noticeably during this period; it increased by 106,772 or 62% of their number in the 1894–95 academic year (the total increase in the number of students was 357,522). The most significant increase in the number of female students was observed in the dioceses of Podolsk (7,652), Don (5,130), Poltava (5,106), Tula (4,165) and Tambov (4,161). Of the total number of church schools, by January 1, 1898, there were: 14 church-teacher schools, 225 second-class, 236 two-class, 16,279 one-class, 107 exemplary in theological seminaries and women's diocesan and ecclesiastical department schools. These schools are mostly one-class, with the exception of schools at theological seminaries: Irkutsk, Kursk, Novgorod, Odessa, Ryazan, Tauride and Tobolsk, which have two classes each. The total number of parochial schools by January 1, 1898 was 16,861 (44%); There were 21,614 (56%) literacy schools. There were 613,508 boys and 172,608 girls studying in parochial schools, for a total of 786,116; By the same time, there were 445,243 boys and 107,239 girls in literacy schools, for a total of 552,482. How schools and students in them were distributed among dioceses in the 1895–1986 school year, as well as by January 1, 1898, can be seen from the attached statements. On average, each parochial school had 40 students, and the literacy school had 25. The most populous parish schools were in the following dioceses: Saratov (66 students per school), Oryol (65), Vladikavkaz (64), Kyiv and Orenburg (58), Kherson (57). In literacy schools, the highest average number of students is observed in the following dioceses: Vladikavkaz and Turkestan (41 each), Saratov and Chisinau (35), Oryol, Samara and Kholm-Warsaw (33). Of the 38,468 buildings that housed church schools in 1897, they belonged to: 11,688 to schools, 6,917 to churches, 414 to parish trustees, 3,037 to township or rural societies, 264 to city societies and other institutions, 945 to clergy members and 15,203 to private individuals. Thus, almost one third of church schools (30.1%) had their own buildings. In general, schools that prepare teachers (church-teacher and second-grade schools), as well as two-grade schools, are most provided with their own buildings. Of the one-class parochial schools, 37.6% had their own buildings. The largest number of own buildings for one-class schools were in the dioceses of Kyiv (846 out of 972), Podolsk (831 out of 1076), Volyn (677 out of 902). Of the literacy schools, only 1/6 (13.6%) were provided with their own buildings, almost two-thirds (61%) were located in buildings owned by private individuals, and some of them did not have a specific premises during the year, being mobile schools. There were up to 2,665 such schools throughout Russia, mainly in the dioceses of Lithuania (up to 960), Minsk (897) and Tver (190). Without a doubt, only a lack of funds, on the one hand, and a great need for literacy, on the other, force us to endure these and other inconveniences of temporary school premises. In general, local governing bodies of church schools, as well as the church school inspectorate, are taking all measures to improve the premises of church schools. To the extent possible and available, special, specially adapted buildings are built for schools. In 1897, according to diocesan observers, over 1,500 such buildings were built. Some of the church schools have apartments for students, as well as dormitories and overnight shelters for students. In the 1895–96 school year, there were 291 dormitories and 456 school shelters across 60 dioceses. Dormitories, as well as apartments for students, are necessarily located at second-class parochial schools. Facilities for maintaining church schools State and local funds are spent on the maintenance of church schools. The reporting period in the life of church schools is remarkable in that the permanent allowance to these schools from the sums of the State Treasury has now been significantly increased. Since 1896, according to the highest approved opinion of the State Council, dated June 5, 1895, allocated in addition to 175,500 rubles. annual benefit in the amount of 3,279,145 rubles. From May 1897, this benefit was increased by another 1,500,000 rubles, according to the highest opinion of the State Council approved on May 26, 1897. Thus, by the end of the reporting period, the permanent allowance to church schools reached the amount of 4,954,645 rubles. In those dioceses in which there are no zemstvo institutions, sums from the provincial zemstvo tax, appointed by the State Council for provincial estimates for three years, are allocated for the maintenance of church schools. In 1897, these amounts were expressed in the following figures: 1) 455.175 rub. for 11 dioceses of European Russia (according to estimates of 1896–1898); 2) 135,500 rub. for Siberian dioceses, except Turkestan (according to the 1897–98 estimate); 3) 9,900 rub. for the dioceses of the Georgian Exarchate (according to the estimates of 1894–97); 4) In addition, 5,572 rubles were released in 1897. as a one-time benefit to the Transbaikal diocese, 10,000 rubles. – Orenburg diocese and 4,800 rub. included in the estimate for conditional leave for the dioceses of the Georgian Exarchate. Therefore, by order of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, in 1897, 28,995 rubles from the charitable sums at his disposal were allocated as one-time benefits to church schools. Finally, according to the estimate of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property in 1897, 7,900 rubles were allocated for teaching agriculture at some parochial schools. Thus, in 1897, the total release of government funds and charitable sums by the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod reached the figure of 5,612,487 rubles. Local funds for the maintenance of church schools were found in the 1895–96 academic year: 3,041,119 rubles. 53 k., in 1897 - 3,634,152 rubles. 12 k. (almost 600,000 rubles more than in the previous one). The last amount by source of income is distributed as follows: 1) 588.344 p. 35 k. (16.3%) from churches; 2) 118.891 p. 99 k. (3.3%) from monasteries; 3) 47.365 p. 92 k. (1.3%) from fraternities; 4) 31.369 p. 64 k. (0.9%) from missions and missionary societies; 5) 348.505 rub. 88 k. (9.6°/ 0) from zemstvo institutions; 6) 94.131 rub. 27 k. (2.6%) from city government and city societies; 7) 1,151,481 rub. 31 k. (31.7%) from volost, rural and stanitsa communities; 8) 132.866 rub. 57 k. (3.6%) from parish trustees; 9) 498.383 rub. 26 k. (13.7%) from trustees and benefactors; 10) 110.354 rub. 68 k. (3.0%) from the clergy; 11) 230.905 rub. 31 k. (6.3%) tuition fees; 12) 90.459 rub. 74 k. (2.5%) %% of capital; 13) 191.092 rub. 18 k. (5.2%) of various other local revenues. As can be seen from the above figures, in the total amount of local funds, the most significant part is made up of benefits from volost and rural societies (31.7% of all receipts), from churches and monasteries (19.6%), from trustees and philanthropists (13.7%) and from zemstvo institutions (9.6%). Benefits from volost and rural societies, in particular for some dioceses, account for more than half of local funds; these are the dioceses: Volyn (93%), Podolsk (88.5%), Mogilev (81.1%), Polotsk (75%), Tomsk (64.3%) and Transbaikal (53%). From churches, the most significant receipts in the total amount of local funds were in the dioceses of Omsk (47.2%), Ekaterinoslav (42.7%), Stavropol (40.9%) and Don (37.3%); from trustees and benefactors - in the Yenisei diocese (66.2%); from zemstvo institutions - in the dioceses: Vologda (72.6°/ 0), Kazan (60%), Vyatka (47.9%), Olonets (44.7%), Ufa (37%), Ekaterinburg (35%) and Perm (28.3%). If we take the total amount of state and local funds received in individual dioceses for church and school affairs 1 and the number of church schools operating in these dioceses by January 1, 1898, then the average cost of one church school will be determined for 1897 at 215 rubles. 37 k., the cost of one student is 6 rubles. 19 k. Thus, the increase in state benefits from the amounts of the State Treasury, which in turn caused an increase in local funds, made it possible for the diocesan School Councils to provide church schools more satisfactorily than was possible in the previous reporting period. Teachers in church schools The teachers of the law in church schools were mainly priests, partly deacons and psalm-readers, and only in a few schools were secular persons. In the 1896–97 school year in 49 dioceses, out of 12,812 teachers of the law in parochial schools, there were 11,469 (89.5%) priests, of which 256 were teachers, deacons - 549 (4.3%), of which 32 were teachers, psalmists - 170 (1.4%), of which 48 were both teachers and secular persons - 624 (4.8%), of which 534 are teachers. There were 16,991 teachers and female teachers in parochial schools in 55 dioceses. Of the 15,829 persons in 50 dioceses, there were 561 (3.5%) priests, 2,154 (13.6%) deacons, 1,903 (12.1%) psalm-readers and 11,211 (70.8%) secular persons, and of the 8,851 secular persons (42 dioceses) there were 4,822 teachers and female teachers. 4.029. In schools of literacy in 51 dioceses there were 17,346 teachers; out of 15,992 persons in 44 dioceses there were priests - 642 (4.1%), deacons - 1,245 (7.9%), psalm-readers - 2,329 (14.7%) and secular persons - 11,776 (73.6%), and of the 6,099 secular persons (in 26 dioceses) there were 4,791 teachers and female teachers 1.308. The work of teaching in church schools was carried out for the most part by members of the clergy free of charge. Teachers who did not belong to the clergy received remuneration in parochial schools from 120 to 200–240 rubles. and very few are over 300 rubles; in schools, literacy in most cases is less than 100 rubles. In general, the amount of remuneration, thanks to benefits from the State Treasury, has increased, although not to the extent that would be desirable and necessary for improving the organization of church and school affairs. In order to improve the financial situation of students, measures were taken both by the Central Administration and local institutions in the dioceses. In 1897, by resolution of the Holy Synod, it was decided: “to exempt the children of teachers and teachers of parochial schools and literacy schools, who have served as teachers of these schools for at least 10 years with success and benefit, certified by the diocesan School Council, from paying tuition fees in religious educational institutions on the same basis as the children of employees of the religious educational department.” In some dioceses, for example. Vladimir, Chisinau, Kostroma, Tauride, teaching staff are allowed to participate in the emerital funds that exist for the diocesan clergy. In the Tauride diocese, all students in parochial schools and chartered schools who have an established teaching rank are allowed to participate in the mutual benefit society for students and teachers in primary public schools of the Tauride province. Due to the not entirely satisfactory financial situation, the teaching staff was not stable: some of the teachers left the church school at the first opportunity, moving to another, better paid position. This explains the fact that the educational qualifications of students in church schools, although increasing, were slow, so that among them there were still a significant number of people with insufficient education. In the 1896–97 academic year, in 33 dioceses from which there is information about the educational qualifications of students, out of 9,293 secular teachers and teachers of parochial schools there were 3,481 (37.4%) such persons. But at the same time, it is necessary to note that the educational qualification certified by diplomas does not always serve as a guarantee of the ability of a teacher in a parochial school, in which the main engine of success should be the mental and moral ability of the teacher, inspired by love for children and direct and constant communication with them. Experience often shows that in other remote areas a simple person, with a reserve of literacy, and with a simple pious soul, working - sometimes completely free of charge, on the enlightenment of children's souls for 20 years or more, is a true benefactor of the local population. In Russia there are many deserts, backwaters and remote corners, where a teacher of high educational qualifications and the complex needs of living in poverty and poverty will be reluctant to go - and yet here, too, the need for spiritual enlightenment of growing generations may be even more important. May God grant that in such wretched places we find simple people and not highly educated, lovingly devoted to the task of teaching and upbringing on sound principles. In order to improve the composition of students in church schools, the Spiritual Department recognized the need: 1) the establishment of teacher schools that train teachers for one-class parochial schools, 2) the opening of second-grade schools with the task of training teachers for literacy schools and 3) the organization of short-term pedagogical courses. At first, teacher schools were opened mainly with local funds, only with some assistance from the funds of the School Council under the Holy Synod. In 1897, a special loan from the State Treasury in the amount of 225,000 rubles was requested for teacher schools. By January 1, 1898, there were 8 church-teacher schools. These are the essence: 1) In the Lithuanian diocese, Trostyanitskaya, for boys. 2) In Novgorodskaya, Leushinskaya, at the Leushinsky monastery, founded by Abbess Taisia ​​and who had already fallen asleep to prepare and place good teachers in the work. 3) Miloslovichskaya, near the village. Miloslovichakh, Mstislavsky district, Mogilev province. 4) Zhitomir, in Volyn province. 5) Mikhailovskaya, at the St. Michael’s Monastery in Kyiv. 6) Ekaterinoslavskaya, at the Bishop's House. 7) Lubenskaya, Poltava province. in Lubny. 8) St. Vladimir School for Girls, existing for 9 years in St. Petersburg, under the direct supervision of the Holy Synod. The special goal of this school is to prepare exemplary teachers for the village, exclusively from peasant girls. For this purpose, every 2 years, according to a test, the best candidates from those who have graduated from a church school are admitted to the school: living in a hostel, they are prepared for the title of a rural teacher for 6 years, and special attention is paid to a clear study of the Law of God, church services, the Slavic and Russian languages, and to improvement in singing, so that they can not only manage a choir, but also form a choir. Girls are sent to the school from different places in Russia, and many of them prepare to return to their native village after completing the course in order to run the school and raise children there. The school has already managed to graduate two classes and place teachers with success and benefit to workers, often in remote and deserted villages. At this school, as well as at all teachers' schools, parochial schools were established, in which teachers and teachers are practically prepared for the upcoming ministry. Second-grade schools have been opened only since 1896, since the allocation of a special loan in the amount of 1,629,000 rubles from the State Treasury. Intended mainly for the children of peasants, they are opened mainly in villages and villages. Children aged 13–14 years who have completed a one-grade school course or have received appropriate home training are admitted to the second grade of a second-grade school. By January 1, 1898, 225 second-class schools were opened in all dioceses, with the exception of Astrakhan, Yekaterinburg, Minsk and Turkestan. The largest number of second-grade schools are located in the dioceses of Vyatka, Novgorod and Penza (10 each), Podolsk (9), Samara, Ryazan, Simbirsk, Tula, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod and Kiev (7 each). Pedagogical courses in 1896 were organized in the dioceses of Kaluga, Kyiv, Novgorod, Perm, Podolsk, Kherson and some others. Particularly noteworthy are the pedagogical courses organized under the leadership of the observer of church schools during the All-Russian Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod, where teachers from all dioceses of Russia arrived at the expense of the School Council, or at their own expense. The courses taught: church singing, arithmetic and the Russian language, and in addition several readings were offered on the Law of God, on the doctrine of schism, on geography, on physics, on school hygiene and on agriculture. Until 1897, the organization of pedagogical courses for students in church schools of individual dioceses was of a random nature: the reason for this was the lack of necessary funds. Only with the appropriation of special sums from the State Treasury was it possible to make the courses a permanent educational institution. In the summer of 1897, pedagogical courses were organized at the expense of the School Council in the dioceses. The courses took place mostly in provincial towns, where teachers from all districts were called. In some dioceses, courses were organized at several points (in Podolsk - in 5, Voronezh - in 3, Samara and Turkestan - in 2). In addition to these courses, some diocesan School Councils in 1897 also organized, using local funds, courses for teachers of only one part of the diocese, such as, for example, courses at the Yanovich second-grade school (Polotsk diocese) for teachers of literacy schools of the Yanovich parish, in Art. Rassypnaya (Orenburg diocese) - for teachers of literacy schools of the XXVIII deanery district of the Ural region, at the Zabolotskaya second-grade school (Kyiv diocese) - for teachers of parish schools and diplomas of Radomysl district, in the village. Sokur (Saratov diocese) - for teachers of literacy schools of the Saratov district, in Baku - for teachers of parochial schools of the Baku district, finally in the city. Tsivilsk, Kazan diocese, and in Yusva, Perm diocese, for teachers of foreign schools. The organization of courses, as experience shows, is of very great importance for church and school affairs. During the courses, teachers who have not received prior special training for teaching are practically familiarized with the methods of school teaching, while teachers from persons who have received training in secular educational institutions acquire knowledge of the special requirements and educational features provided for in the rules, programs and explanatory notes for parochial schools; courses, further, contribute to the establishment among students of uniform educational means and teaching methods; Finally, during the courses, teachers become familiar with one of the most important subjects in the parochial school curriculum - church singing and ways of teaching it in primary schools. Educational part in church schools The church school, in accordance with its idea, pays main attention to the education of students in the spirit of the church and religion. In view of this, teachers take care to strengthen in children living piety and devotion to the Orthodox Church and to cultivate good moral habits. The school day in church schools began with the reading of morning prayers by the student on duty, and the prescribed prayers were sung in chorus. In some schools, e.g. in the schools of the Arkhangelsk diocese, the Creed was sung at morning prayer, in the schools of the Astrakhan and Kazan dioceses the day's Gospel was read, in the schools of the Olonets diocese a prayerful remembrance of the deceased sovereign Emperor Alexander III was performed in God by singing “Rest with the Saints.” The lessons that followed the prayer were preceded and accompanied by the reading or singing of ordinary church prayers. Evening prayers were performed in those schools where there are overnight shelters and dormitories, and in some other schools after classes; in most cases, students were encouraged to read evening prayers aloud at home in the presence of their parents. On Sundays, holidays and highly solemn days, students of church schools were always present at the divine service. In some schools, before the service, students gathered in school, where the holiday Gospel was read and explained to them, the event of the holiday or the life of the celebrated saint was told. In church, students stood near the pulpit in front of other worshipers, being under the supervision of one of the teachers or one of the older students. The older students participated in reading and singing, and the most well-behaved were allowed to serve at the altar, and in some dioceses they were allowed to wear surplices. During Lent, all students performed the Christian duty of confession and Holy Communion, in some schools once, in others twice. For the most part, they fasted simultaneously and together with their teachers. Before confession and Holy Communion, the teachers of the law gathered students at school, where they held conversations. In some schools, in the summer, in their free time, students traveled with the teachers of the law and teachers to worship local shrines. During the journey they sang church songs, which the people especially liked. Such school pilgrimages were organized in Arkhangelsk, Ekaterinoslav, Tula, Penza, Yaroslavl and some other dioceses. The parochial school sets itself the task not only of educating children, but especially of educating them in the midst of a meager peasant environment and a rough environment: imparting to them good religious and moral principles and aspirations, good habits, accustoming them to order and neatness, arousing in them mental and moral interest in accordance with the life and activity that lies ahead of them. The main means for uplifting the spirit in children is church worship, with conscious participation in it, and singing, the educational effect of which is especially beneficial and extends not only to children, but through them to their parents and to the entire village. Through the students, the beneficial influence of the church school extends to the adult population. By attentive church standing, children set a good example, first of all, for their family members, and the participation of children in church reading pleases their parents and attracts them to understand what they are reading. The moral skills acquired by children at school, as well as the habit of order, cleanliness and neatness, are communicated to adults. The influence of a church school on students is especially noticeable where the schools have properly organized dormitories for students. Here, students, removed for some time from their home environment, which does not always have a beneficial effect on children, spend all their time under the constant supervision of teachers. Educational part in church schools The school year was not equally long in all church schools: in city schools, teaching began in September and ended in May; in villages and villages, where children take part in field work and housework, the school year lasted from the first or second half of October until the middle or end of April. Students were divided into groups: in most literate schools - usually into two, in parochial schools - into three. Experience has shown that, given the short duration of the school year, the curriculum of a parochial school's subjects within two years is difficult to complete more or less thoroughly. When teaching academic subjects, mainly educational goals were in mind; therefore, special attention was paid to the teaching of the Law of God, Church Slavonic literacy and church singing. A clear indicator of the success of schools in the last two subjects can be the participation of students in reading and singing in the church during worship. Students from most schools read in church not only short prayers, but also hours, six psalms, kathismas, the canon, etc. Whenever possible, students from church schools also took part in the readings during the service. The singing of students in the church during the service was organized differently in different places. Sometimes students sang the entire liturgy while standing in front of the pulpit. Most often, special choirs were organized from the students most capable of singing. There were 4,358 such choirs in the 1896–97 academic year across 55 dioceses; the largest number of choirs was observed in the dioceses of Podolsk (472 choirs), Volyn (442), Kharkov (386), Kiev (226), Kherson (153), Poltava (148) and some others. When teaching the Russian language in church schools, attention was paid to teaching students to correctly use their native speech. Progress in this subject was quite satisfactory. Less significant results were obtained in schools with non-Russian students, who for the most part enter schools with a very poor understanding of Russian speech. Success in arithmetic was somewhat lower than success in other subjects, although in general they turned out to be quite satisfactory. At the end of the school year, boys studying in the senior department of church schools were tested to receive certificates for benefits for serving military service. In the 1896–97 academic year, 53,855 boys were found worthy of receiving certificates in 54 dioceses at such tests. On average in Russia, the number of course completions in relation to the number of students is 9% in parochial schools and up to 3% in literacy schools. In addition, in some schools, students were not awarded a certificate due to their infancy, although they passed the exam quite successfully. There were 8,289 boys who graduated in the 1896–97 school year without certificates of benefits in 54 dioceses. There were 11,917 girls recognized in the same year as worthy of receiving certificates of successful completion of a church school course (across 54 dioceses). Agricultural, craft and handicraft classes in church schools At some parochial schools, in order to disseminate agricultural knowledge among students, and through them among the local population, practical classes are organized with students in various branches of agriculture - gardening, market gardening, beekeeping, sericulture, etc. In second-grade schools: Kon-Kolodeznaya and Krasninskaya, Voronezh diocese, Atskhurskaya, Georgian diocese, and Krasnoufimskaya, Perm diocese, students were also provided with theoretical information on agriculture. In both cases, local diocesan funds were spent. In addition, the teaching of agriculture continued at the expense of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property at eight parochial schools: second-class - Velebitskaya (Novgorod diocese), Nikolskaya (Vologda diocese), Drovninskaya (Smolensk diocese), Pustynskaya (Mogilev diocese), two-class - Vydrenekaya (Mogilev diocese), Trostyanitskaya (Lithuanian diocese), Bolvanichsky (Smolensk diocese) and Khripelevsky (Kostroma diocese). In 1897, the Ministry of Agriculture allocated 7,900 rubles to these schools. Agriculture education in these schools is carried out both theoretically - mainly in winter, according to programs approved by the Ministry of Agriculture, and practically, mainly in spring and summer. The knowledge acquired by students in agricultural subjects is tested in exams, and special attention is paid to the success of students in practical work. A report on the progress of teaching agriculture by each school is submitted annually to the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property; the latter controls the expenditure of the allowance, monitors the correct management of the farm and, in general, the progress of agricultural training in the institution through the officials sent by it. In addition to agriculture, in some church schools students are introduced to various crafts - bookbinding, carpentry, turning, metalworking, shoemaking, etc. The teaching of handicrafts is, whenever possible, introduced into the curriculum of second-class schools, in which children are taught at an older age than in other church schools. For this subject, in consultation with the Minister of Finance and the State Comptroller, the School Council under the Holy Synod in 1897 decided to release up to 26,000 rubles. from special funds of the Holy Synod. Handicraft training (sewing, knitting, embroidery, weaving, etc.) was conducted to one degree or another in almost all women's schools under the guidance of teachers; sometimes the wives of parish priests taught needlework. Speaking about additional classes in church schools, we should also mention the teaching of icon painting and painting in general. Such training was carried out in the schools of the Kholuy and Mstera, Vladimir diocese, Prince Vladimir, Polotsk diocese, as well as in the schools of the Kazan convent, Seraphim-Ponetaevsky and Diveevsky monasteries, Nizhny Novgorod diocese. The schools of St. Vladimir in St. Petersburg, St. John the Theologian in the village of Aleksandrovna, the Tambov diocese and the school of the Pokrovsky Convent in Kiev should be recognized as the best in teaching icon painting. Textbooks, teaching aids and writing materials in church schools In church schools, textbooks were used that were recommended and approved by the School Council of the Holy Synod, and the school inspectorate sought to establish, as much as possible, uniformity in use among these approved publications. Thanks to the active work of the Publishing Commission of the School Council under the Holy Synod, church schools were supplied with textbooks in sufficient quantities. In 1896, the Publishing Commission sent out 1,723,390 copies of various educational publications for 294,751 rubles. 77 copies, in 1897 - 2,062,859 copies for 367,508 rubles. 45 k. The diocesan School Councils and district departments were primarily concerned with providing schools with textbooks in the dioceses. In the 1895–96 academic year, councils and departments distributed to schools in the dioceses: Minsk - 87,980 copies, Podolsk - 50,900 copies, Saratov - 50,070 copies, Nizhny Novgorod - 44,292 copies, Tobolsk - 40,000 copies. In the matter of supplying schools with books, book warehouses set up at diocesan School Councils, in some dioceses at county departments, and even at the central points of counties, are of great importance. Textbooks and teaching aids for church schools were purchased both from government funds and from local ones. Books were sent to many dioceses free of charge from the School Council under the Holy Synod. Some schools were supplied with books at the expense of the district zemstvo councils or school trustees and benefactors. In almost all church schools, textbooks from school libraries are provided to students free of charge; Only in some city schools do children of wealthy parents purchase textbooks at their own expense. Students also use writing materials free of charge; They are purchased for schools mostly with the funds of diocesan School Councils and departments, sometimes with the funds of churches and trustees, less often with the funds of the heads of church schools, priests, school trustees and philanthropists. At some district departments (for example, in the Kholm-Warsaw diocese) warehouses of writing materials have been established in order to provide timely and sufficient supplies to church schools. Libraries for extracurricular reading A necessary accessory to a well-run school should be a library with books for extracurricular reading. Having initiated the mental and moral development of children, the school must ensure that this development continues outside of school. For this purpose, the school must develop in students a love for books and a need for reading. The means to achieve this goal is the school library with books for extracurricular reading. By providing a library for use by students and others, the school has the opportunity to exert an educational influence not only on students outside of class, but also on the rest of the population. In view of the importance of libraries for the cause of public education, their arrangement in church schools was a subject of special concern both to the School Council under the Holy Synod and to the diocesan School Councils with their district branches. The Publishing Commission of the School Council sent out 156, 484 copies of books from the “Parish Library” for extracurricular reading by students. in the amount of 16,011 rubles. 9 books and various other books - 42,353 copies. in the amount of 22,868 rubles. 43 k. Diocesan School Councils and district departments took care of finding local funds for the establishment and maintenance of libraries. So, for example, at the proposal of the Podolsk Diocesan School Council, by resolutions of clergy congresses in deanery districts and verdicts of volost assemblies, a total of up to 8,460 rubles were allocated for the establishment of school libraries for 1896 in the diocese (from the district clergy and volosts). Vologda Diocesan School Council in memory of the 500th anniversary of the death of St. Stephen, the first Bishop of Perm (April 26, 1896), organized the collection of donations for the establishment of libraries of books for extracurricular reading at the parochial schools of the Vologda Diocese. The St. Petersburg Diocesan School Council, at a meeting on May 7, 1896, determined to establish, with funds from the Brotherhood in the name of the Blessed Virgin Mary, fifty school libraries at a cost of 50 to 100 rubles. in memory of St. coronation of Your Imperial Majesty and Sovereign Empress. The Kholmogory Branch of the Arkhangelsk Diocesan School Council decided to open libraries at all parochial schools. Diocesan and district observers, as well as the clergy and private donors, contributed to the development of school and library work. By January 1, 1897, all libraries at church schools in 58 dioceses 2 numbered 10,096, of which at parochial schools 7,972 (58.3% of the total number of parochial schools in these dioceses) and at literacy schools 2,124 (11.5% of the total number of literacy schools). In the dioceses of Olonetsk, Polotsk and Tobolsk, all parochial schools were equipped with libraries for extracurricular reading; in other dioceses (Nizhny Novgorod, Minsk, Kiev, Turkestan, Don) most of them. There were most literacy schools with libraries in the dioceses of Kholm-Warsaw, Kiev, Arkhangelsk, Tobolsk, Turkestan, Vologda. In addition to schoolchildren and former students, books from libraries for extracurricular reading are mostly used by the local population. Religious and moral readings in church schools. Sunday classes with adults At many church schools, religious and moral readings were conducted on Sundays and holidays by teachers of the law or teachers under the supervision of priests. The subject of the readings were articles of religious, moral, patriotic and church-educational content. In some schools, the readings were accompanied by the singing of church hymns and patriotic hymns, and sometimes explained through vague pictures using a magic lantern. While promoting the mental and moral development of the population, readings at the same time prevent the abuse of holiday leisure. There were 1,725 schools in which readings were conducted in the 1895–96 academic year in 60 dioceses, and 2,136 in the 1896–97 academic year in 53 dioceses. In order to teach basic literacy to people who for some reason were not educated in childhood, as well as to fill the gaps in schooling, some church schools organize Sunday classes for adults. They open mainly at city schools. Land plots for church schools One of the means to strengthen a church school is to provide it with land. The land at the school gives the teacher the opportunity to conduct agricultural classes during the holidays and thereby make up for the meager teacher's salary; In addition, under favorable conditions, a farm started by a teacher on a school plot is a means of disseminating agricultural knowledge and techniques among schoolchildren and the local population. In view of this, various measures were taken in the dioceses to provide schools with land. In the 1896–97 academic year, according to the reports of the diocesan School Councils, in 59 dioceses (excluding the dioceses of Vladikavkaz, Transbaikal and Irkutsk) there were 2204 schools with land plots. Newly established second-grade schools are the most provided with land. From the information provided by diocesan observers, it is clear that out of 309 schools authorized by the School Council under the Holy Synod by October 1897, 212 schools had land, with a total of 2,250 dessiatines (i.e., more than 11 dessiatines per school). The matter of providing schools with land, which began thanks to local initiative, was given a solid foundation by the opinion of the State Council, approved on May 12, 1897, on the allocation of land from the treasury to rural primary schools for economic and pedagogical needs. Population's attitude towards church schools Church schools enjoy the sympathy of the population. The peasants expressed their sympathy primarily by willingly sending their children to them. In general, church schools never lack students and are becoming more crowded every year. Many of the church schools turned out to be so overcrowded that the teachers were forced, due to lack of premises, to refuse admission to those wishing to study. Even schismatics, heterodox and non-Orthodox people do not shy away from church school. The total number of students in church schools by January 1, 1898 included 10,079 schismatics, 1,326 sectarians, 13,812 heterodox (Catholics, Lutherans) and 2,460 non-Orthodox (Jews, Mohammedans, etc.). Peasants also provided financial assistance to schools. Rural and volost societies, parish trustees, as well as individuals of the peasant class donated money and kind to the school. In 1897, rural and volost societies received, as mentioned above, 1,151,481 rubles for the maintenance of church schools. 31 k. and from parish trustees 132.866 rub. 57 k., total - 1,284,347 rubles. 88 kopecks. The sacrifices of individual members of the peasant environment were sometimes expressed in very significant sums (up to 5,000 rubles) The sympathy of other classes was also manifested in material donations, which in some cases sometimes reached tens and even hundreds of thousands of rubles. So, for example, in March 1896, Professor of Moscow University Zakharyin (now deceased) gave me 500,000 rubles to convert them into untouchable capital, so that % of it would be used for the maintenance of church schools in the poorest parishes of the Penza and Saratov dioceses, as well as for assistance to the poorest clergy in the named dioceses. Significant donations were made by Fr. Archpriest John Sergius (Kronstadt) schools of various dioceses. Speaking about the favorable attitude of the population towards church schools, it should be particularly noted the sympathy with which the newly established second-class schools in the Empire were met and which was expressed in very significant donations to these schools in buildings, land and sums of money. Of the 323 second-class schools authorized to open before January 1, 1898, donations went to 275 schools. 114 school buildings (stone, semi-stone and wooden) were donated for 100 schools. Of these, 24 buildings cost over 290,000 rubles, including one for 80,000 rubles, two for 30,000 rubles, one for 24,740 rubles, one for 16,000 rubles, one for 15,000 rubles, two for 24,300 rubles. and two - 10,000 rubles each. Land plots were donated to 198 schools in the amount of 2,165 dessiatines, including for a school on a missionary farm, Perm diocese - 270 dessiatines, for Prosechenskaya school, Ryazan diocese, - 157 dessiatines for the Ubezhenskaya school, Stavropol diocese, - 132 dessiatines, for the Well School, Don Diocese, – 105 des. for the Sophia school, Tauride diocese - 100 dessiatinas. Monetary donations received annually - 5,110 rubles for 17 schools. and one-time payments for 87 schools - 172,597 rubles. The following schools received the most significant donations: a school at Tikhonovskaya Hermitage, Kaluga diocese, over 12,500 rubles, Dretenskaya, Novgorod diocese - 10,000 rubles, Slobodskaya, Vyatka diocese - 7,700 rubles, Dyakovskaya, Samara diocese - 6,500 rubles. In addition, donations were made to second-class schools with building materials, free labor, expenses for the construction of school buildings, agricultural implements, etc. The civil administration, represented by governors, zemstvo chiefs, etc., for the most part treated church schools favorably and assisted in the development of church and school affairs. Zemstvo leaders in many dioceses (for example, in Vladimir, Vyatka, Samara, etc.), as well as peace intermediaries, encouraged peasants to establish church schools, and some of them provided personal material support to these schools. The event of the sacred coronation in the life of the church. schools The reporting period was marked by a joyful event for Russia: on May 14, 1896, the coronation of Your Imperial Majesty and Sovereign Empress took place. The church school took an enthusiastic part in the celebration of this event. St. Days Coronations for students in church schools, through the efforts of educators and teachers, were marked by celebrations. In all schools, classes were completed by May 14. On St. During the coronation and the days following it, school heads, educators and teachers organized solemn meetings, solemn processions of children singing sacred chants and hymns, reading articles and patriotic poems. At the same time, schoolchildren were given portraits of Your Imperial Majesty and the Sovereign Empress, books describing the coronation, brochures and leaflets with relevant religious and moral content. In the villages, the church school was the center of all coronation celebrations, thanks to which the population had every opportunity to celebrate the national holiday consciously, joyfully and with dignity. The order of the festivities was usually like this. On the day of St. coronation, in the school, decorated with flags and inside with greenery, a thanksgiving prayer was performed, and the next day at the school or on the square in front of the school, among students and their parents, after the schoolchildren sang royal psalms, anthems and patriotic songs, the best reader from the students read a brochure or leaflet about the royal coronation. At the end of the reading, portraits of Your Imperial Majesty and the Sovereign Empress, brochures, etc., and in some places various gifts were distributed to schoolchildren. In memory of the Holy Coronation of Your Imperial Majesty and the Empress, volost and rural societies, parish trustees, clergy and persons of other ranks made numerous and varied donations for church and school affairs. As can be seen from the information received by the Holy Synod by January 1, 1898, on this occasion, buildings for 95 church schools were built, it was decided to open 6 parochial schools and 22 literacy schools, land was donated for 9 schools and sums of money were donated: for the repair of 6 schools, for the maintenance of 29 schools, for the opening of 45 free libraries, icons were purchased for 69 schools, icon cases for 12 schools, portraits of Your Imperial Majesty and the Sovereign Empress for 13 schools. By 1898, all donations for church and school affairs amounted to over 116,000 rubles. one-time and up to 4,000 rubles. annually. Church and school affairs at the All-Russian exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod It is impossible not to mention the participation of church schools at the All-Russian Exhibition of 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod, where the successes of church and school affairs in the first decade after the revival of the church school were clearly presented. Maps of all dioceses with the designation of schools in each, diagrams depicting the growth of church schools and students in them from 1883 to 1893, plans and photographs of school buildings in different regions of Russia, diocesan reports on church schools with maps and diagrams, publications of the School Council at the Holy Synod, works on the history of our elementary school, the work of teachers - various kinds of textbooks and pedagogical diaries, as well as the work of students on calligraphy, dictation, notation, independent written work, transcriptions, diaries, exercises in Slavic writing in the charter, etc., samples of student work in iconography and painting on needlework, crafts and manual labor. Most of the items presented were placed in a church-school building specially built for this purpose. An exemplary literacy school was also built from fire-resistant materials, where there was a library, a reading room and a “mobile literacy school” by V. I. Shemyakin. Various awards were awarded for many of the church and school items presented at the exhibition. The church and school department at the exhibition was blessed with a visit from Your Imperial Majesty, Her Majesty the Empress and His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Alexy Alexandrovich. Spiritual literature in 1896–1897. Spiritual literature in 1896–1897. mainly concentrated in numerous theological magazines, abundantly satisfying the diverse needs of Orthodox readers. The main organs of theological knowledge were, as one would naturally expect, the journals of four theological academies: “Christian Reading” - the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, “Theological Bulletin” - the Moscow Theological Academy, “Proceedings of the Kyiv Theological Academy” and “Orthodox Interlocutor” - the Kazan Theological Academy. “Christian Reading”, which began publishing in January 1821 according to the thought of the rector, Archimandrite Gregory, later Metropolitan of St. Petersburg, by the beginning of 1896 had completed a 75-year period of its existence and during this significant period offered its readers in 200 extensive volumes twenty books of the Holy Scripture of the Old Testament in Russian translation from Hebrew, many creations of St. fathers and teachers of the Ecumenical and Russian Church, writings of ancient church historians, starting with the father of church history Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, biographies of many saints, a brief history of the seven Ecumenical Councils and many valuable studies from the field of all theological sciences. The modern editor of Christian Reading, Professor Lopukhin, reviewing the main features of the works of his predecessors in publishing it, says: “Reviewing this huge mass of volumes, I was filled with reverence for those humble workers of science and enlightenment who took upon themselves the great and noble task of spreading and establishing the kingdom of truth, goodness and light throughout the vast expanse of our fatherland.”... Professors of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy was given in “Christian Reading” for 1896 and 1897. many valuable studies constituting a significant contribution to theological science. These are the articles of Professor T.V. Barsov about the Holy Synod and the synodal institutions of former times, the articles of Professor N.P. Glubokovsky, devoted to a scientific review of the life, upbringing, education and conversion of Saul and a systematic presentation of the gospel of St. of the Apostle Paul in comparison with Jewish-rabbinic theology. He also authored a thorough study dedicated to the Greek handwritten Evangelistaria of the 11th century from the collection of Professor Troitsky and placed in the appendix to “Christian Reading”. Very important for resolving the dispute that has arisen between Old Catholics and Orthodox about the sacrament of communion are the articles of A. A. Kirillov, which set out in detail and thoroughly the dogmatic teaching about the sacrament of the Eucharist in the works of St. John Chrysostom. In Christian reading there are articles by Professor Fr. P. Ya. Svetlova: “On healing by psychic influence”, articles by D. O. Vyshelesssky: “The struggle of the Old Russian Church with the remnants of paganism in the family and social system”, professor I. S. Palmov - “Bulgarian Equarchian Church; its original and modern structure”, Professor A.I. Sadov: “Essay on the history of Roman religion and the meaning of the word “religio” among the ancient Romans”, G.S. Baradulina: “The life and work of St. Theodosius of Uglitsky, Archbishop of Chernigov" and many other scientific articles. During these years, during the “Christian Reading”, volumes II and III of the complete collection of works of St. John Chrysostom. The publication of the Moscow Theological Academy - “Theological Bulletin” - is the successor to “The Works of St. fathers,” offered his readers an interpretation of the Four Gospels of St. Ephraim the Syrian and the prophets: Zephaniah, Haggai and Zechariah St. Cyril of Alexandria. Of the many independent works of professors of the Moscow Academy included in it, the extensive research of V.F. attracted the special attention of theological scholars. Kiparisova: - “0 church discipline” and V. A. Sokolova: “On the hierarchy of the Anglican Church.” Read with keen interest: the biography of the late famous rector of the Moscow Theological Academy, Archpriest A.V. Gorsky, written by S.G. Popov, as well as the articles: “Modern Abyssinia” - Dolganeva, “In the Far East” - Archimandrite. Sergius, “Historical sketch of the rite of sacred coronation” - K. M. Popova, “The material state of the Patriarchate of Constantinople under the dominion of the Porte” - A. P. Lebedeva, “Criticism of evolutionary morality” - I. V. Popova, “Forbidden ideas” - S. S. Glagolev, “Astronomy and Theology” - his own, “The Significance of the Pechersk Monastery in the initial history of the Russian Church and society” - S. I. Smirnova, “The attitude of the Holy Orthodox Church to peace and war according to the teachings of canonical law” - N. A. Zaozersky, “Dogmatic teaching about the sacrament of the Eucharist in the works of St. Ephraim the Syrian" - A. Kirillova, "Ancient Russian parish" - A. Papkova, "The origin, purpose and structure of the Roman catacombs" - A.P. Golubtsova, "St. Herman, Patriarch of Constantinople" - I. D. Andreev a, "The Dominion of the Greeks in the Jerusalem Patriarchate" - N. F. Kaptereva, “The significance of the Slavic translation of the New Testament in the work of St. Alexy, Metropolitan of Kyiv, Moscow and All-Russia” - M. D. Muretov. The appendix included autobiographical notes from His Eminence Savva, Archbishop of Tver. In the “Proceedings of the Kyiv Theological Academy” interpretations of the blessed one are translated. Jerome on the minor prophets: Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, and Habakkuk, and thorough essays are given on the history of homiletics in modern times after the reformation of Luther - V.F. Pevnitsky, as well as biographies: Moscow Metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov and the Right Reverend Kirill Naumov, Bishop of Melitopol, written by Fr. F. I. Titov. In general, the Proceedings contain many biographical, archaeological and historical articles. Particularly noteworthy are the articles: Serebrennikov - “On the Kyiv Academy from the half of the 7th century”, Bulgakov - “On new religious transformations in England in the present century”, Pesotsky - “On St. the prophet Daniel, his time, life and work”, Lazar Popovich - “About the Montenegrin ruler Peter” and philosophical articles by Malevansky and Bogdashevsky. A characteristic difference between “Proceedings” and other academic journals are the words on the “passion” or heels of the weeks of Lent, pronounced annually by the mentors of the Kyiv Theological Academy, not only spiritual, but also secular. These words gained deserved fame among many mentors, especially V.F. Pevnitsky, who during the long period of his professorship managed to utter forty-three eloquent words to his first passion. “Orthodox Interlocutor,” the organ of the Kazan Theological Academy, published several articles by the rector of the academy, Bishop Anthony, on pastoral theology and on the apologetics of Christianity against Leo Tolstoy. Noteworthy are “Readings on Patrolology” - by the late Professor Gusev, “Creed of the Psalter” - Professor Yungerov.. “About Herod” - Professor Bogorodsky, “Analysis of the objections of Spencer and his like-minded people to the doctrine of God as a personal being” - Professor A. Gusev, “The Psalter of Solomon with interpretation” by Archpriest A. Smirnova, “Epistle of St. Apostle Paul to the Galatians" - St. AND. Galakhov, “Arabia and the Koran” - Ostroumova, “On the superiority of Moses over all the prophets” - Archpriest Malov, articles: - Kerensky: “On Old Catholicism”, Kolokoltseva: “On the Romanian Church”, Kratirova: “On Saint Tikhon of Zadonsk, as a shepherd and teacher”, Darevsky: “On human happiness”, Govorova: “On oratory in ancient and modern times”, Pokrovsky: “On the history of handwritten books in Rus'”, Blagovidova: “Chief prosecutors of the Holy Synod in the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries”. The “Science of Man” – op. Professor Nesmelov. In the appendices to the magazine, Pososhkov’s “The Obvious Mirror” continued to be published with a preface and notes by Darevsky, as well as N. I. Ilminsky’s letters to the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, which attracted general attention. The theological and philosophical journal “Faith and Reason”, published at the Kharkov Theological Seminary, comes close to academic journals in terms of the richness and merit of theological research. From theological research, noteworthy articles: Archpriest T. Butkevich, professor of theology at Kharkov University: “Evil, its essence and origin”, A. Vertelovsky “Western medieval mysticism and its relationship to Catholicism”, Priest. G. Mozolevsky: “The accusatory speech of our Lord Jesus Christ against the scribes and Pharisees”, Professor A. D. Belyaev: “Is it possible to unite the Orthodox Church with the Latin Church”, K. Bogoslovsky: “The state position of the Roman Catholic Church in Russia from Catherine the Great to the present day”, Ovchinnikova: “The Siberian Church until the 18th century”, P. Sokolov: “Modern moral and religious crisis in the West”, I. Drozdova: “St. Leo the Great, his life and works”, Istomina: “From the church life of modern Romania”, priest. Shingareva: “False prophets in the Old Testament”, I. Korsunsky: “Innokenty, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomenky.” Guseva: “On the question of Pilioque and transubstantiation.” The decoration of the theological section of the magazine was the words of His Eminence Ambrose, distinguished by their thoughtfulness and eloquence. In the philosophical department of the magazine, noteworthy articles by professors: Vvedensky - “The Law of Causality”, Rumyantsev - “Darwinism”, M. Lebedev - “Analysis of John Stuart Mill’s objections to theism”, Vasilkov - “Auguste-Comte as a man and a moralist”, P. Sokolov - “The Doctrine of St. Trinity and modern idealistic philosophy”, Professor Linitsky – Thinking and knowledge”, “On the need for metaphysics” and “On Orthodoxy as a true Christian faith”. Of the translated philosophical works, the following articles are read with particular interest: Caro: “The Idea of ​​God and the Immortality of the Soul Before the Judgment of the Newest Critics” and Ole-Lyaprun: “The Value of Life.” Among other monthly spiritual magazines, many scientific and generally understandable theological articles are published in the magazine “Strannik”. Published monthly in Moscow, the journal “Soulful Reading” has long lived up to its name with many articles for pious and soul-saving reading. Under the Holy Synod, the weekly “Church Bulletin” is published, sent to all parishes, at the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, the weekly “Church Bulletin”, under the administration of the protopresbyter, “Bulletin of the Military Clergy”, at the Kyiv Theological Seminary, “Guide for Rural Pastors”; In addition, in each diocese, Diocesan Gazette is published weekly or twice a month. The Orthodox Missionary Society publishes a missionary review twice a month entitled: “Orthodox Blagovestnik”. Finally, mention should be made of the new spiritual Orthodox publication, published in New York since 1897, under the name: “American Orthodox Herald”, and serving as the organ of the Orthodox American Mission. This magazine is published twice a month; more important and significant articles are published in two texts - Russian and English - in parallel. In accordance with the tasks of the Russian Orthodox mission in America, the magazine aims to: 1) proclaim the dogmatic and historical truth of Orthodoxy in the heterodox environment, both by revealing the positive teaching of the Church and by clarifying and refuting errors; 2) to defend the rightness of the Russian Orthodox cause from the hostile antics of some local newspapers that are hostile to the successes of Russian missionaries; 3) instill in all Orthodox immigrants from the old region a feeling of love and devotion to their faith and homeland; 4) gradually introduce local foreign readers to the spirit and customs of the Russian country. The magazine deserves full sympathy and wide distribution. In addition to the mentioned literature of periodicals, a significant number of theological works on all parts of theological science appeared in print. On dogmatic theology, “An Experience in the Apologetic Presentation of Orthodox Christian Doctrine” was published by professor of theology, priest. P. Ya. Svetlova vol. I. Kyiv. 1896. The author’s goal is “to provide an introduction to the most important branch of theology - dogmatic theology - to all those people who, realizing the inadequacy of the religious knowledge they received at school, strive to supplement this knowledge by reading.” On basic theology. Archpriest Petropavlovsky published a study: “Atheism and faith in God in their comparison from historical, psychological and logical points of view.” Moscow. 1897 A significant contribution to this science is made by the essay of Vladimir Nikolsky: “Faith in the providence of God and its foundations.” Kazan. 1896. In moral theology, Professor M. Olesnitsky’s attempt to give a new systematization of moral truths in the essay: “From the system of Christian moral teaching” is remarkable. Kyiv. 1896, and Ivan Popov's study "Natural Moral Law". Sergiev Posad. 1897. On the Holy Scriptures, a particularly valuable work is the extensive scientific research of Professor Iv. of the Moscow Theological Academy. Korsunsky, entitled: “Translation of the LXX, its significance in the history of the Greek language and literature.” 1897. The book of Professor Korsunsky lays a solid foundation for the philological study of the Greek text of the Holy Scriptures. Its scientific value will further increase when the dictionary of the LXX translation language promised by the author with Church Slavonic and Russian meanings of words appears. As a guide to the interpretation of Holy Scripture, F. Vigouroux published: “Guide to reading and studying the Bible, vol. I, translated by V. Vorontsov.” Moscow. 1897, “The history of the Old Testament writings in the Christian Church up to and including Origen” - P. Sokolova. Moscow. 1896, “St. Ambrose of Milan as an interpreter of the Holy Scriptures of the Old Testament." S. Loseva. Kyiv. 1897, “Biblical Old Testament facts according to the interpretations of St. fathers and teachers of the Church" - V. Protopopova. Kazan. 1897, “Idolatry among the ancient Jews” - M. Palmova. St. Petersburg. 1897, “The Book of the Prophet Isaiah in the Old Slavic translation” - Iv. Evseeva. St. Petersburg. 1897, “First Epistle of St. Apostle Paul to Timothy" - P. Polyansky. Moscow, 1897, “Interpretation of the message of St. Apostle Paul to the Jews (according to Zigaben)” - N. Bratolyubova. Samara. 1896, “Interpretation of the Epistle of St. Apostle Paul to the Jews Zigaben” translation from Greek by V. Lyubimov. Tula. 1897 Literature on the history of the Ecumenical, Greek and Russian Church was particularly abundant. A. Karashev published a study about the newly discovered monument: “The Teaching of the 12 Apostles.” Moscow. 1896 Professor A.P. Lebedev undertook a complete collection of his scientifically valuable church-historical works, of which in 1896 and 1897. managed to come out: “The era of persecution of Christians and the establishment of Christianity in the Greco-Roman world under Constantine the Great” in one volume, “The History of the Seven Ecumenical Councils” - in two volumes, “The History of the Greco-Eastern Church under the rule of the Turks from the fall of Constantinople in 1453 to the present day” vol. I. His Grace John, Bishop of Aksai, published a history of the Ecumenical Councils, in which he outlined everything that clergy and every educated Christian needs to know about the important period of the seven Ecumenical Councils. Priest M. Khitrov published “The Spiritual Meadow” by John Moschus in a new translation from Greek with detailed explanatory notes.” Sergiev Posad. 1896 A. Nzmailov translated Pyush’s work: “St. John Chrysostom and the customs of his time." St. Petersburg. 1897 Priest V. X. Preobrazhensky published an essay: “Reverend Theodore the Studite and His Time (759–826),” which serves as a supplement to the history of the 7th Ecumenical Council. The publication of A. N. Popadopudo-Keramvs is very important: “Sanctissimi Patriarchae Pbotii, Archiepiscopi Constantinopoleos Epistolae XLV”; in it, the learned publisher added forty-five previously unknown and never published letters to the hitherto printed letters of Patriarch Photius, among the 266. There are remarkable studies on the history of the Russian Church: St. A. Krasova: “Zyryans and their enlightener St. Stefan, first bishop of Perm." St. Petersburg. 1896, Archpriest K. Nikolsky: “Materials for the history of correction of liturgical books.” St. Petersburg. 1896, A. Prozorovsky: “Sylvester Medvedev, his life and work.” Moscow. 1896, A. Papkova: “Ancient Russian parish.” Sergiev Posad. 1897, I. Pokrovsky: “Russian dioceses in the 16th-19th centuries, their discovery, composition and limits” vol. I. Kazan. 1897, A. Yarushevich: “Zealot of Orthodoxy, Prince K. I. Ostrozhsky.” Smolensk 1897, Archpriest A. Smirnova: “Filaret, Archbishop of Tver, Yaroslavl and Moscow (1819–1826)”. Moscow. 1896, N. Izvekova: “The Most Reverend Alexy, Archbishop of Lithuania and Vilna.” Moscow. 1896 Church archeology and liturgics have been enriched with many new publications, of which worthy of special attention: Professor N.V. Pokrovsky: “Siysk Icon Painting Original”. St. Petersburg. 1896–97, E. Redina: “Mosaic of Ravenna churches.” St. Petersburg. 1896, A. Petrovsky: “Apostolic liturgies of the Eastern Church. Liturgy of St. James, Thaddeus, Mary and Gospel. Mark." St. Petersburg, 1897 and S. Muretova liturgical research: 1) On the evidence of the number of prosphora at proskomedia in the Greek Church", 2) "The succession of proskomedia, the great entrance and communion in Slavic-Russian service books of the XII-XIV centuries", 3) "On the commemoration of ethereal forces at proskomedia" and 4) "Features of the liturgy presanctified gifts in ancient Greek and Slavic monuments." Moscow. 1896–97 Studies on church singing have been published by St. V. Metallova: “Essay on the history of church singing in Russia” and “Strict style in harmony.” Moscow. 1896–1897 On canon law, the work of Professor A. Pavlov attracted special attention: “The Nomocanon with the Great Breviary, its history and texts in Greek and Slavic with explanatory and critical notes.” Moscow. 1897. The translated work of Nicodemus, Bishop of Dalmatia: “Orthodox Church Law” will also serve as a valuable contribution to this science. St. Petersburg, 1897, P. Sokolova: “Church property law in the Greco-Roman Empire.” Novgorod. 1896 and V. Kolokoltsev: “Government structure of the Romanian Orthodox Church.” Kazan. 1897 The publication of the work of the Right Reverend Porfiry Uspensky, remarkable for its detailed description of the East and the Eastern Church, continued: “The Book of My Genesis.” Archpriest A. Maltsev, rector of our embassy church in Berlin, who back in 1889 undertook a number of translations of the services of the Orthodox Catholic Eastern Church into German, published a book of prayer songs in two parallel texts: German and Slavic. Archpriest Peter Smirnov, former rector of St. Petersburg St. Isaac's Cathedral, published three editions of his works, containing articles of dogmatic, church-historical, moralizing and pedagogical content. Orthodox Russian society has recently been more attentive than before to spiritual literature. expecting from her a calm, reasonable discussion of the issues that concern him and finding in her the real satisfaction of his highest needs in the knowledge of God and His holy will, in understanding the meaning of human life and in improving himself according to the commandments of God. This state of affairs gives gratifying hope both for the prosperity of Orthodox theological science and spiritual literature, and for greater penetration of society in all layers of it - by the spirit of Orthodox Christian principles. About the seventh award of the prizes of the late Metropolitan of Moscow Macarius for essays on the subjects of theological sciences and spiritual education in general Twenty-five essays were submitted to the Education Committee for the seventh competition for the Metropolitan Macarius Prize. The educational committee invited the following persons to review the twenty-four essays accepted for the mentioned competition and to compile reviews about them: professors of the imperial universities: Kazan - A. Arkhangelsky, Kharkov - M. Ostroumov and Novorossiysk N. Krasnoseltsev; professors of theological academies: St. Petersburg - Archpriest Pavel Nikolaevsky, N. Pokrovsky, P. Zhukovich and associate professor Serebrenikov; Kyiv - N. Malyshevsky, A. Olesnitsky and Kazan - I. Berdnikov, Y. Bogorodsky and A. Gusev; Archpriest of the Suzdal Cathedral M. Kheraskov; teachers of theological seminaries: Moscow - A. Dobroklonsky, Novgorod - N. Kudryavtsev and Tver - V. Kolosov; the teacher of the Kyiv Cadet Corps, priest A. Klitin and members of the Educational Committee: archpriests A. Lebedev, G. Obraztsov, E. Megorsky and d.s. With. A. Dobryakova. Based on the reviews of these works submitted by reviewers, the Holy Synod, according to the conclusion of the Educational Committee on them, by its definition, dated April 12–19, 1896, appointed seven partial prizes, one thousand rubles each, for the works of: 1) the caretaker of the Cherkassy Theological School, Kliment Chemena: “The origin and essence of Essayism. Experience of historical-critical research" (Cherkasy, and 894); 2) teacher of the St. Petersburg Theological Seminary Ivan Sokolov: “The state of monasticism in the Byzantine Church from the half of the 9th to the beginning of the 13th century (842–1204). Experience of church-historical research" (Kazan 1894); 3) Junior Secretary of the Holy Synod Stepan Runkevich: “History of the Minsk Archdiocese (1793–1832), with a detailed description of the progress of the reunification of Western Russian Uniates with the Orthodox Church in 1794–1796.” (S.P.B., 1893); 4) for the works of the extraordinary professor of the Moscow Theological Academy Grigory Voskresensky: a) “Ancient Slavic Gospel. The Gospel of Mark according to the main lists of four editions of the handwritten Slavic Gospel text, with contradictory languages ​​of one hundred and eight manuscripts of the Gospel of the 11th–14th centuries.” (Sergiev Posad 1894), b) “Characteristic features of four editions of the Slavic translation of the Gospel of Mark based on one hundred and twelve manuscripts of the Gospel of the 11th–16th centuries.” (Moscow 1896) and c) “Ancient Slavic Apostle. The Epistle of the Holy Apostle Paul according to the main lists of four editions of the handwritten Slavic apostolic text, with discrepancies from fifty-one manuscripts of the apostle of the 12th–16th centuries. issue I. Epistle to the Romans" (Sergiev Posad 1894); 5) Associate Professor of the Kyiv Theological Academy Alexey Dmitrievsky: “Patmos Sketches. From a trip to the island of Patmos in the summer of 1891." (Kyiv. 1894); 6) senior assistant editor of inventories and publications of the Moscow Archive of the Ministry of Justice Ivan Shimko: “Patriarchal State Order. Its external history, structure and activities." (Moscow. 1894) and 7) for the essay by the teacher of the Lithuanian Theological Seminary Grigory Kipriyanovich: “The life of Joseph Semashka, Metropolitan of Lithuania and Vilna, and the reunification of the Western Russian Uniates with the Orthodox Church in 1839.” (Vilna 1893). In addition, works by: 1) teacher of the 6th Moscow Gymnasium, Mikhail Khitrov: “The Holy Blessed Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavovich Nevsky. A detailed biography with drawings, plans and maps.” (Moscow, 1893); 2) caretaker of the Smolensk Theological School Ivan Speransky: “Essay on the history of the Smolensk Theological Seminary and its subordinate schools from the time of the founding of the seminary until its transformation according to the charter of 1867 (1728–1868)” (Smolensk. 1892) and 3) teacher of the Samara Theological Seminary Dimitry Dobrosmyslov: “Opinions of the Fathers and Teachers of the Church about the Old Testament ritual law of Moses." (Kazan, 1893) - awarded honorable reviews. The award was announced to the authors on May 1, 1896. About the award in 1896 and 1897 Prize of the late Rev. Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow, for the best textbooks and teaching aids on subjects taught in the spirit. seminaries and schools Five essays were submitted to the Education Committee for the Metropolitan Macarius Prize in 1896. Of these, the Committee, in accordance with its journal conclusion, approved by the resolution of the Holy Synod, dated January 22–February 4, 1897, awarded three half prizes of 500 rubles each from the total amount of the 1896 prize. each, for the works of: 1) · teacher of the Kursk Theological Seminary Epiphany Nesterovsky: “Liturgics or the science of worship of the Orthodox Church. Part one (general). In relation to the program for theological seminaries." (Kursk 1895), 2) for an essay entitled: “Readings on patrolology. Issue one: introduction to patrolology and the age of apostolic men. Posthumous edition of “Readings” by Dimitry Gusev, extraordinary professor of the Kazan Theological Academy” (Kazan 1896) and 3) teacher of the Synodal School of Church Singing in Moscow, priest Vasily Metallov: “The ABC of hook singing. Experience of a systematic guide to reading the hook semiography of chants of the Znamenny chant, the period of cinnabar litters" (in manuscript). In 1897 Six essays were submitted to the Educational Committee to compete for this Metropolitan Macarius Prize. Of these, the committee, according to its journal conclusion, approved by the resolution of the Holy Synod, dated January 21–27, 1898, appointed from the general prize of 1898 a half prize of five hundred rubles for the essay of the teacher of the Voronezh Theological Seminary P. Obolensky: “A critical analysis of the religion of Russian rationalist sectarians: Doukhobors, Molokans and Stundists” (in manuscript). Activities of spiritual censorship committees In 1896, various manuscripts, printed books and brochures were submitted to the St. Petersburg Spiritual Censorship Committee for consideration. periodicals, articles for magazines and newspapers, sheets and drawings, in total 989, of which 902 were approved by the Committee during the current years; The Committee issued 505 tickets for the publication of various publications. In 1897, 1015 of the above-mentioned titles were submitted to the Committee, of which 797 were approved by the Committee during the year, and 531 tickets were issued for the publication of various publications. The activities of the Moscow Spiritual Censorship Committee were expressed in the following figures: in 1896, the Committee received 1,535 works and drawings for consideration, of which 1,349 were approved by the Committee during the year, and 1,196 tickets were issued by the Committee. And over the two reporting years, 5,091 essays and drawings were submitted to both Committees for censorship; of these, the Committee approved 4482, 3618 tickets were issued. In 1897, 1552 essays and drawings were submitted to the Committee; 1434 approved during the year; 1386 tickets were issued. State-owned 4,652.04 rubles, local 3,634,150 rubles, and a total of 8,286,190 rubles. This includes the content of the inspection of church schools and the organization of courses in dioceses, but the content of the central Administration of church schools is excluded. Detailed information about libraries for extracurricular reading is included in the appendix. These statements did not include information about libraries in the dioceses: Mogilev, Sukhumi, Transbaikal and Kamchatka, and the 5th district. Poltava diocese, 2 - Simbirsk, 2 - Astrakhan, 2 - Irkutsk, 1 - Kazan, Chernigov, Kyiv, Minsk, Tobolsk and 9 - Vladimir diocese (the latter contains information about libraries at literacy schools).