Типикон

The book Typikon, or Charter, mainly contains instructions on what days and hours, during what divine services and in what order the prayers contained in the Service Book, Book of Hours and, especially, the Octoechos, Menaions and Triodions should be offered. The book Typikon is divided into three parts according to its content. Part one (from chapters 1 to 47), which can be called “general,” contains general instructions on the order of prayers and sacred rites, in which they should be during public worship on certain days. Since in the weekly circle the main differences between each other are the services of weekdays (Sundays), the services of weekdays except Saturday, and the services of Saturdays, then in the rites and sequences of the Typikon there are general instructions of a threefold type, first of all, the order of the weekly service is indicated. The service for the weekly day (Sunday) is celebrated differently if an all-night vigil is being celebrated, and otherwise, if there is no vigil, the Typikon first indicates the service when the vigil is being celebrated, in the 1st chapter there is the “Ordinary of Lesser Vespers”, and in the 2nd – “The Order of Great Vespers”, i.e. All-night vigil and Sunday matins. These rites are sometimes found in the Service Book, Octoechos and other liturgical books. These rites indicate prayers, both unchangeable and changeable, of the mentioned services, but the changeable prayers are only those that should be read or sung on weeks (Sundays), if no holiday of any kind occurs on them. If different holidays happen on a week (Resurrection), then there is a change in the changed prayers, and this is indicated in the following chapters, namely: 3, 4 and 5. They indicate the changed prayers that should be at the vigil on the week (on Sunday), if on this day the memory of a saint occurs, for whom, according to the Rule, there should be a vigil on weekdays (chap. 3) or polyeleos (chap. 4), or there will be a saint, sung on 6, who does not have polyeleos (chap. 5). In these chapters there are no indications of unchangeable prayers during worship, for they are indicated in chapters 1 and 2 and are the same for all the holidays indicated in chapters 3, 4 and 5 of the Typikon. After setting out the rites for performing the vigil, the Typikon says in chapter 6 what days there are vigils; chapter 7 contains the Rules for worship on Sundays, if on the eve of them there is no all-night vigil for some occasion. Then the small vespers is not sung, but only the great one is performed, and the latter is performed separately from Matins, connecting with Compline, and Matins is celebrated separately from Vespers, in due time, the Midnight Office is combined with Matins, in chapter 7 the prayers are indicated, both unchangeable and changeable, and mainly the first. The chapters reviewed indicate the time at which some services should begin, but do not indicate the time for the liturgy. Chapter 8 of the Typikon talks about what hours the liturgy should begin each week and on great, middle and small holidays. After the instructions on how to conduct services on Sundays, the Typikon contains instructions on services on days of the week, except Saturdays. Chapter 9 is inscribed as follows: “about what should be the sign for every day, here are instructions about vespers and matins on the days of the week, and in them we sing Alleluia, and about the first hour.” In this title, some days of the week are distinguished from other days on which “Alleluia” is sung. By singing “Alleluia” we mean the singing that occurs at Matins after the reading of the Six Psalms. On certain days of the year, instead of “Alleluia,” “God is the Lord” is sung. When singing “Alleluia” and “God is the Lord,” there are unequal modified prayers during public worship. The peculiarities of the services during the singing of “God is the Lord” and when singing “Alleluia” on the days of the week, except Saturday, are set out in chapter 9; in addition, they should be looked at in the 2nd part of the Typikon: in the month of the month under the 14th of November and in the Triodion - especially in the successions of the cheese week and the first of Lent. The expression “we sing Alleluia,” found in the month’s text of the Typikon, indicates prayers on weekdays, except Saturday. Since in chapters 2, 3, 4, 9 and other chapters of the Typikon, which indicate how the service should be performed on weekly and weekly days, it is often said that according to the kathisma at Matins there is “reading in the Gospel”, “reading in the exemplified Gospel”, then in chapter 10 it is shown from which books this reading comes and what order it follows. After the general sequence (Chapter 9) for the days of the week, Chapter 11 contains general instructions on the singing of the canons at Matins on the days of the week. Although in the monthly text of the Typikon, in almost every sequence, it is shown how many troparia should be sung or read at Matins from the canons of the Menaion and from the canons of the Octoechos, but in the monthly text of the Typikon, this is indicated without distinction to the days of the week. Meanwhile, in the Octoechos there are two canons for Matins each day, and the regulations regarding their singing are different on different weekdays. The statute on such a difference can be seen in Chapter 11. After the instructions for services on weekly and weekdays, except Saturday, the Typikon contains instructions for Saturday services. Changed prayers in Shabbat services are a) different, when “God is the Lord” is sung and there is no polyeleos; b) others, when there is a polyeleos or vigil; c) others, when “Alleluia” is sung at Matins. Indications of the modified prayers for these Sabbaths are found in chapters 12, 13 and 15. Chapter 14, following that (13), which talks about the Sabbath service, if “Alleluia” (about the service for the dead) is sung, indicates the changeable and unchangeable prayers that occur at a special service for the dead, called “requiem.” After the presentation of the general rites and sequences, in the Typikon, from chapters 16 to 22, there follows a general charter concerning certain chants and readings on certain types of days, namely: a) about the lamps at Matins (chapter 16); b) about the versification of the Psalter (chapter 17), i.e. in what order should the ordinary reading of the Psalter be in public worship on all days of the year, which is indicated in the Psalter itself; c) about the versification of the songs “We sing to the Lord” and “We sing to the Lord” (Chapter 18), i.e. songs of the Holy Scriptures, which are supposed to be sung at Matins before the troparions of the canons; d) about catavasia, “we sing on the feasts of the Lord, the Vladychny and the Mother of God and on Sundays, and on special saints all summer long” (Chapter 19); e) about the days on which at Matins, according to the 8th song of the canon, “The Most Honest” is sung and on which it is not sung (Chapter 20); f) about when figurative verbs are used in the liturgy and when holiday and daily antiphons are used (chapter 21). From chapters 22 to 25, inclusive, it talks about sacred rites that are performed during public worship, namely: a) about censing by a priest or deacon, i.e. about in which public worship services, at what time and in what order censing occurs (Chapter 22); b) about the removal of the veil and the opening of the royal doors (chapter 23); c) about the time of lighting candles at divine services on weekdays, holidays (chapter 24), weekdays (chapter 25). From chapters 26 to 31, rules are prescribed for those standing in the church of God. From chapters 32 to 36, it talks about meals and fasting, setting out the rules in general for all Christians regarding the food that is allowed to them at meals on fasting and non-fasting days. From chapter 34 to the end of part 1, i.e. up to chapter 47 of the Typikon, there are rules concerning monastics. The second part of the Typikon contains sequences containing instructions for changing prayers for all days of the year - fixed (Minea) and moving (Triodeum and Octoechos). Before this part there is a chapter (47), in which the “signs” or signs of the feasts of the Lord, the Mother of God and saints are explained, those signs that are in the next, 48, chapter of the Typikon, is constantly visible along with the successions. The signs show the difference between great, medium and small holidays and the services that occur on them. Chapter 48 of the Typikon is called the “month of words” because it contains sequences for the numbers of all twelve months - for all holidays, days of forefeasts, commemoration of holidays and the memory of saints whose services are in the Monthly Menaion. The month begins on the 1st day of September, on which the Orthodox Church celebrates the beginning of the indictment, and ends in August. The Monthly Book also contains Markov's chapters. This is the name of the articles written by Hieromonk Mark, which indicate what modified prayers should be in the service if the feasts of the Mother of God occur, or after-feasts and the observance of every twelfth feast of the week (Sunday), or if such holidays occur on the weekdays and weekdays of the Lenten and Colored triodion. In the Typikon, in the Monthly Menaion and triodions, the following sign is written opposite these instructions; , i.e. Mark. Just as chapter 48 is called the “monthly word” from the indications of the services of the Monthly Menaion, chapters 49 and 50 are called “triodion” because in the succession of these chapters the singing of the Lenten and Colored Triodion is indicated. In chapter 49 there are sequences for the days of preparation for fasting and for Great Lent itself, i.e. from the week of the publican and the pharisee until Easter. Chapter 50, which is entitled the word “Pentikostarion” (i.e. Pentecost), contains sequences for the days beginning with the day of Holy Easter and extending to the week of All Saints inclusive. And what prayers should be read and sung if fixed holidays (Mineaion) occur on the days of singing the Triodeum, for example: 40 martyrs (March 9), the Annunciation (March 23) - should be looked at in the monthly text of the Typikon under the date on which the fixed holiday is celebrated. Chapter 51 talks about the observance of Peter's fast, which follows Pentecost. This chapter serves as the conclusion of Triodion. The third part of the Typikon is, as it were, an addition to parts 1 and 2 of it. It contains: a) indications of some short, variable prayers, the rules of which are different on different days of the same week, but are common for most of the weeks of the year; b) the prayers themselves, to which there are indications in it, namely, the eight voices of the troparia, kontakia, ipakoi, lamps, prokeimnas, alleluia. In order to find out which voice should sing in a certain week, chapter 54 shows at what time of year each pillar of voices begins. Having learned from the Indiction and the Sighted Paschal (in the Typikon) what number of months in a certain year each pillar of voices begins, it is easy to calculate which week will be in this pillar and which voice should be sung in it (see above). The pillars of the voices of Octoechos begin their series around the same time (i.e., after Pentecost) with the pillars of the morning Sunday Gospels 16, and both the voices of Octoechos and the morning Gospels follow in continuous order, one after the other; therefore, with the pillars of the voices, the pillars of the gospel are also printed. According to the content of the Sunday morning Gospels, 11 exapostilarii with the Theotokos and the same number of Gospel stichera are sung at Sunday matins; therefore, they are also presented here (in chapter 54). At the end of the Typikon there are “church chapters”. They indicate how the service should be performed on certain church holidays, and especially when a church holiday coincides with another holiday on the same day. The church chapters have their own account in the Typikon and are arranged in the same way as the sequences in part 2 of the Typikon, namely: first (from 1 to 25) there are chapters about the holidays that occur during the singing of the Menaion with the Octoechos, i.e. from September 1 to the Week of the Publican and the Pharisee; then (from chapters 25 to 48) about the church holidays that occur during the singing of the Lenten Triodion, and finally (from chapters 48 to 58, inclusive), about the church holidays that occur during the singing of the Colored Triodion. After the church chapters in the Typikon there are choruses that are sung for the 9th song of the canon of Matins on the feasts of the Lord, Vladychny and Theotokos. The last chapter of the Typikon contains Indiction, sighted Paschalia and Lunnik.