Глава 27

The death of Tire is so certain for the prophet that he can already perform a funeral lament over him. This cry is no less sincere than the cry of Chapter 19. about the princes of Israel, for Tire was also a kind of chosen one of God (Ezek. 28.12–14) and the destruction of all greatness cannot but inspire regret. Having imagined Tire as one of those ships decorated with royal splendor with which the city’s harbor was seething, the prophet depicts the death of Tire under the guise of the wreck of this ship at sea. The resulting two parts of speech - the description of the ship (vv. 3-9) and its wreck (vv. 24-36 - a part twice as long as the previous one, since the destruction of Tire is the main thing for the prophet; vv. 24-31 is the death itself, 32-36 the impression made by it), are separated by the section of vv. 10-23, where the prophet leaves his comparison and describes the rich market of Tire. The chapter is considered the most poetic in the book; These are especially the 1st and 3rd parts of it, which also have a poetic - namely couplet - construction, for example: Tyr, you say: “I am the perfection of beauty.” Your borders are in the heart of the seas, your builders perfected your beauty, etc. Ezek.27:3. and say to Tire, who settled on the ledges of the sea, trading with the peoples on many islands: Thus says the Lord God: Tire! you say: “I am the perfection of beauty!” “On the ledges in the sea”, letters “on the ledges”, depressions of the sea”, i.e. on bays, harbours. There were two of them in Tire: Sidonian in the north and Egyptian in the south; the first exists even now; the position of the second could not be determined (Renan, Mission de Phenicie, p. 556). Slav.: “at the sea entrance” - the bay. - “To the trader.” Lit. "trader". LXX: “trade of people”, εμποριφ λαων, market of peoples. - “With peoples on many islands.” The main significance of Tire is that it was an intermediary in the trade of Asia with the islands and shores (see explanation of Eze. 26.15) of the Mediterranean Sea. - “You say.” Tire is also reproached for self-exaltation in Ezekiel 28.2 et c. - “I am the perfection of beauty!” Plch. 2.15 ; Ezek.16.14. Slav.: “I myself placed my kindness on me” (self-exaltation intensifies). The beauty and wealth of Tire is praised by all ancient historians. Heb. kelilat yofi. In Egyptian, Phenicia was called Iagi - “beauty”: Budde (Bibl. Urg. 358) compares with this the name Japheg (“beauty”), whom he considers to be a representative of Phenicia. Ezek.27:4. Your borders are in the heart of the seas; your builders have perfected your beauty: "Limits", Heb. gevul can also mean “edge” (Ezek.43.20), “protrusion” (Ezek.40.12), in relation to the ship (which is discussed here, since Tire is compared with it), perhaps “side”. And the LXX probably considered the word a ship term, because they resorted to the transcription: “into the hearts of Veelim” - τω Βεελειμ, perhaps more precisely: “Veelim.” - “In the heart of the seas” - in the middle of the sea, which, for its size and tortuosity, truly deserves the name of the seas (Mediterranean). The strait between the island of Thira and the mainland was in stage 4 (Movers, Phonic. II, 1, 223) - “Builders”. Slav. “son”, which is in Hebrew. in tune. - “We have perfected your beauty.” They made it so beautiful that it couldn’t be more. Slav. as in Art. 3: “I will bestow kindness upon you.” Ezek.27:5. All your platforms were built from Senir cypresses; they took cedar from Lebanon to make masts for you; The comparison with a ship suited Tire all the more so since it was called Tyros instabilis due to its frequent vibrations of the ground (Lucan. Pharsal III. 217) and that with its harbors it must have seemed like a whole forest of masts. This famous ship was the only one of its kind and therefore was built from possibly expensive materials collected from all over the world, but which were actually used on ships. “The Jew loved to use geographical definitions as epifheta omantia” (Bert.). "Senirsky". “Senir” according to Deuteronomy 3.9 is an Amorite, and according to wedge-shaped inscriptions (“Sanir”) and Assyrian (Schrader, K. and. A T. 159. Delitzsch Wo lag d. Paradies 104) the name of Hermon (or Anti-Lebanon), the actual northern or northwestern part of it in relation to Damascus (Abulfelda according to Smend), why in Song 4.8 ; 1 Chronicles 5.23 differs from, in fact, Hermon. - “Kiparisov”, Heb. berosh, a tree that, together with cedar, served as the main material for church buildings (1 Kings 5:8, 10, 6:15, 34); the peaks of Hermon were famous for cypress and it was considered a particularly expensive and thin building material: Sir 24.14; Yirg. Ceorg. II, 443 Theophr. Hist. pl. V, 8. But LXX: “cedar”, and then “cypress” instead of “cedar”, perhaps a rearrangement due to an oversight. "Your platforms". Heb. luhotaim - “boards” of doors. h. - a structure made of double boards, therefore, as in Russian. – “deck”; Vulgate too: labulatis. LXX “thin planks” and refers to the next sentence, which makes it seem as if the spruce masts are made of cypress planks. – Cedar in Syria was a common shipbuilding material: Plin. XVI, 40, 76. – “Masts”, Heb. torez, personal “pine” from here “high signal” Isa 30.17 and “mast” - also in Isa 33.23. Therefore LXX: “the masts were cored; ιστους) spruce” Ezek.27:6. They made your oars from the oak trees of Bashan; your benches were made of beech wood, with frames of ivory from the islands of Chittim; Bashan, later Batanea, east of Jordan, in addition to its strong oak (Isaiah 2.13; Zech 11.2), was famous for its cattle (Deut. 32.14; Am 4.1; Ezek.39.18). – “Thy benches” is a tentative translation of the Hebrew according to the Vulgate (transtra). keresh, which in Exodus 26.32 refers to the pillars in the walls of the tabernacle. LXX – “sanctuaries”, obviously reading “kodesh” and meaning ship churches. "From beech wood". Heb. Bat Ashurim, coll. "daughter of the Assyrians" Ashur was also called the region in Trans-Jordanian Palestine (perhaps by the name of some unknown Arab tribe: 2 Kings 2.9). Since these words in Hebrew. are a qualifying word for "ivory", the expression must convey the idea that the benches of the ship are made of ivory, a product ("daughter") of the Assyrians or the region of Ashur (hence the Vulgate; ex ebore Indico). But in view of the strangeness of this expression, they propose to vocalize the word bi-tashurim, which will give the idea that the benches are made of ivory in (be) beech: teashuri in Is 41.18, 60.13 some kind of tree like beech or larch (cedar with straight branches): about beech we also know from the Aeneid (10.135–137) that it was often lined with ivory bone. Slav. “houses (bat read as bant) drevyany” (Ashurim, replaced by a generic concept), i.e. cabins. Vulg. praeteriola, than blessed. Jerome, in his own words, wanted to designate cabinets for storing jewelry (from oraetor - admiral on a ship). "Ivory", Heb. Shen, personal “tooth” in the meaning of “ivory” (since it is obtained from elephant tusks) is used in 1 Kings 10.18, Song 5.14: Greek. εξ ελεφαντος, slav. "ivory (bones)". "From the Isles of Kittim". Κιτιον – a Phoenician colony in Cyprus, after which the entire island was named, and behind it other islands and coastal lands of the Mediterranean Sea: Greece, Italy (1 Mac 1.1; 1 Mac 8.5). Therefore, the Vulgate: de insulis Italiae (obviously, out of a desire to include their homeland in the biblical text). Cyprus supplied good pine for ships: trabes (beams) of Surgia from Horace. Ezek.27:7. patterned fabrics from Egypt were used for your sails and served as a flag; blue and purple fabrics from the islands of Elisha were your covering. “Patterned canvases”, slav. more precisely: “fine linen with streaks”; about fine linen see Ezek.9:2, 16:10. Variegated, that is, multi-woven, of course, was more expensive and was considered more beautiful than white, and in Tire it was used instead of simple linen for sails! “Flag” is a tentative translation of the Hebrew. carried, used in other places in the meaning of “sign”; in the images of Egyptian ships by Wilkinson (Manners and cusloms III, 208) and Rosselini (Mon. civ. Tab. 107) there is no pennant, but only one sail on one mast - wide, quadrangular, divided into red and blue squares and surrounded by a gilded border (“patterned”). The ship of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium had purple sails. Slav. instead of “they were used for your sails and served as a flag” - “let you have a bed (στρωμνη, probably a couch in the cabin) that will give you glory” (such couches were the subject of surprise -?). "Blue and purple fabric" slav. “blue and scarlet”, Heb. Tekelet and Argaman are two kinds of purple; for the first generation see Ezek.23.6; the second kind, mentioned also in 2 Chronicles 2.7, in Assyrian “argamannu” - red purple. “Islands of Elissa” - one by one - the Peloponnese, as its ancient name Helles (Hellespont), Epis, Eleusis shows, and the fact that it was abundant in purple snails; according to others - Carthage, founded by the daughter of the Tyrian king Dido, whose original name was Elissa; in third place are Sicily and lower Italy. The place occupied by Elissa in the genealogy of Genesis 10 - between Javan (Ionite) and Tarshish (in Spain) favors all three assumptions equally; all three places could bear this name and be, if not a deposit, then a place for processing purple. The expression does not say that the purple of Elissa was better than the Phoenician, which was considered first class (Str. 16, 457), but only that the whole world pays tribute to Tire. “Blanket” - an awning to protect the deck from the sun and rain; therefore glory. true and beautiful: “and your raiment became.” Ezek.27:8. The inhabitants of Sidon and Arvad were your oarsmen; You had your own experts, Tire; they were your pilots. “Both the construction and the crew of the ship are made of the best materials” (Krech.). The way in which Ezekiel assembles this crew from various Phoenician cities perhaps reflects the political attitude of the powers in the Phoenician league, in which Tire held the hegemony. Old Sidon (now Sanda) probably also belonged to this alliance, thus submitting to Tire. Arvad (Gen. 10.18) Assyrian. Arvada, Armada, Aradu, Orthosia of the Greeks, an island with a city of the same name, founded by Sidonian immigrants, opposite the mouth of Eleutherus, 20 stadia from the coast, north of Tripoli; now Ruwad, Ruweide; according to Strabo (16, 753) he was famous for his shipbuilders. Slav. "Aradane". “Oarsmen” - sailors, low-ranking ship workers, who were commanded as captains and pilots (“helmsmen”) by the Tyrians themselves. “Experts” – glory. more precisely, “wisdom”. Ezekiel speculates about these wise men of Tire on the basis of Ezekiel 28.3; Zechariah 9.2, speaks ironically. Ezek.27:9. The elders of Ebal and his experts were with you to repair your breaches. All kinds of sea ships and their shipmen were with you to carry out your trade. "Seniors", slav. "elders", Vulg. more precisely, senes, a special term for the members of the council by which most of the coastal Semitic cities were governed (Renan, La miss. d. Phoen. 453). "Ebal", slav. "Vivliystii", Greek. Βιβλιων - Byblos (Assyrian Gublu, Kubl), so famous for the cult of Adonis, now Jebel, between Tripoli and Berit. "Experts", slav. more precisely, “wisdom”, as about Tire in Art. 9; however, Byblos was known as a learned city: Philo of Byblos, Sanchuniathon. “To seal your holes”, lit. "Water paths" Consequently, there was such a specialty between ship crews. Slav. “I will strengthen your advice” - an indication of the above-mentioned “councils of the elders” in the coastal cities of Phenicia. – From 9b, direct speech about Tyr begins: the comparison with a ship is left. – “At your place” – in the harbor of Tire. “For the production of your trade” - lit. “for the exchange of objects of exchange”, goods; euro maarab from the root “to exchange” (only here and in vv. 27 and 34 clearly in the meaning of “goods”; but the ancient translators hesitated in its meaning: LXX “to the west of the west”, i.e. sailed to the farthest west; Sim. επιμιξια, appeal; Vulg. negotiatio). The expression clearly recalls that trade was originally an exchange of goods. Ezek.27:10. The Persian and the Lydian and the Libyan were in your army and were your warriors, they hung a shield and a helmet on you; they gave you greatness. Starts and goes to st. 25 calculation of the peoples who had relations with Tire, mainly trade, a calculation reminiscent of the length and completeness of the genealogy of Chapter X. Genesis. The principle for the order adopted in calculus, as far as the latter can be seen, is a spiral tapering near Tire and starting from the most distant peoples of the northeast and southwest of the then Jewish universe. "Persian". Heb. paras, as can be seen from 1Ezra.9 and LXX, means precisely the Persians, who are first mentioned under this name by Ezekiel (previously they acted under the generic name “Elam” Gen. 10.22, etc.) here and in Eze.38.5, where they are named first (as here) among Gog’s allies. The circumstance that they are placed partly here, and especially in Ezekiel 38.5 next to clearly African peoples, forces some interpreters to understand by paras not the Persians, but some African people, for example. Perorsi or Pharusil (Plin. V, 1, 8; VI, 30, 35; Ptol IV, 6, 16), who, according to Strabo (17, 826), were good archers. The relations of the Phoenicians and Persians at that time are not yet known enough for one to (to some extent) not allow the thought of the presence of Persians in the Phoenician army on pay. "The Lydian" - trans. according to LXX euros Lud. Lud is a people who, according to Ezek.30.5 and Jer. 46.9, are next to Cush (Ethiopians) and Fut (here “Libyan”) an ally of the Egyptians and Is. 66.19 refers (with Tarshish and Pul) to the distant nations of the west; therefore, these are hardly the Asia Minor Lidians (Gen. 10.22), but rather a people from Ludim (Gen. 10.14), the firstborn son of Mizraim (Egypt), a people, therefore African, whose place of residence is unknown; maybe - Λεναθαι (Mov. o. s, 2, 377, etc.) the ancestors of the Berbers, but they appear from Vl century. according to R.H. "Libyan" - trans. according to LXX euros ft. Foot next to Cush and Lud is, according to Jer 46.9, in the service of Egypt, and according to Ezekiel Eze. 38.5 an ally of Gog; Wed Nahum 3.9. Genesis 10.6 puts Puth with Cush, Mizraim and Canaan the son of Ham. In Mauretania, many Greek writers mention the river and the area Φουντη, Φουθ Fut (Ptol. IV, 1, 3; Plin V, 1, 13). Egyptian Libya was called Fayyat in Coptic. Foote also mentions the African people in the inscription on the tomb of Darius 1; Wed also book. Yubileev ch. XI. “They were in your army,” they must have been like hired soldiers. Of the indicated peoples, Lud and according to Isaiah 66.19 and Jeremiah 46.9 are a good archer; according to Strabo (17, 828) Pharusii were also such archers and had war chariots with bows. Jeremiah 46.9 contrasts Foote as a heavily armed archer with Lud. Hence the glory. instead of “warriors” - “thy men’s treasures”. “They hung a shield and a helmet on you.” The Phoenician custom of hanging shields and helmets of the conquered on the walls of the city (as trophies or simply for decoration) was introduced by Solomon and among the Jews: 1 Kings 10.16–17; Song 4.4; 1Mac 4.57. The ships were also hung with shields Lyard 2, 388; Mov 2, 3, 179, etc.). “They gave you greatness,” glory. more precisely: “glory”. Such a skillful selection of the army (and, perhaps, the many hanging shields and helmets) gave Tire a special shine and military glory. Ezek.27:11. The sons of Arvad with your own army stood around on your walls, and the Hamadim were on your towers; all around your walls they hung their quivers; they completed your beauty. The mercenary army described in the previous verse, as the present verse shows, was sent in a column, while Tire itself was guarded by a natural, Phoenician army (glory: “and your strength”). The core of its garrison (“stood on your walls”) were apparently the Arvadians (cf. v. 8). "And the Gamadims". Until recently, this Hebrew word was a mystery and was considered the name of a people completely lost in historical memory; but now it has been compared (Kretzschmar) with the Kumidi mentioned in the Egyptian inscriptions and in the Tel-el-Amarna inscription Kumidi, a southern Phoenician principality (k is often replaced by g in eastern pagans, as, for example, Ebal v. 9 was called Kubl in Assyrian). LXX “thy guards” without “and”, considering it a continuation of the previous sentence: The Arvadians and Tire’s own army were the guards of the city (garrison) on its walls, located in towers (“pyrges”); glory has a doublet “but also the Medes” according to Symmachus, who is Heb. vegammadim divided into vegam - “but also” and madii - “Medes”. Vulg. Pygmaei; derived from Arab. and Ethiopian. root gamad - “to cut down”. - “Quivers”, Heb. shelet, in other places “shield”; but LXX "tula"; parallelism to 10b. Ezekiel 27:12–24. A detailed description of the Tyre market itself is given; this market is viewed from the perspective of its diversity and trade items. Moreover, the calculation of nations is carried out in such a way that the peoples of the Mediterranean Sea (vv. 12–14), therefore the western ones, are followed by the east in three parallel lines drawn from south to north (vv. 15–18, 19–21, 22–24). Those peoples that have already been discussed are omitted (for example, Elissa); for other reasons, there is no large trading city (Ezek. 17.4) of Babylon: it could not be considered a servant of Tire, as well as Egypt (cf. v. 7). So that the reader does not get tired of the monotony of calculus, it is diversified with synonyms: “traded”, “paid you”, “delivered”, “bartered”, “exchanged”, “went in exchange for you”. Ezek.27:12. Tarshish your merchant, according to the abundance of all wealth, paid for your goods in silver, iron, lead and tin. Tarshish (also Gen. 10.4; Isa. 23.1 and many others) – Tartessus, a famous Phoenician colony in Spain, therefore standing in the most direct relationship with Tire. The mineral wealth of ancient Spain is known: Jer 10.9. Pliny (Hist. nat. 3, 4): “almost all of Spain abounds in metals: lead, iron, copper, silver, gold (cf. ibid. 32, 31, 34, 41. Diodorus 5, 38. Strabo 3, 147). But it is remarkable that in the Old Testament gold is nowhere called a Spanish product: therefore the addition LXX: “gold and copper” is doubtful. - “Paid for your goods”, Heb. “gave izzabon”, a word found only in this chapter of Assyrian. uzubu, own "compensation"; glory “Dasha, I’ll buy yours.” Ezek.27:13. Javan, Tubal and Meshech traded with you, exchanging your goods for human souls and copper vessels. "Javan", Assyrian. Iavanu, personal The Ionians and all the Greeks with their colonies in Sicily and Italy; therefore LXX: Ελλες (but in Gen. 10:2: "Javan"), Vulg. Graecia. – “Tubal and Meshech” in Gen. 10.2 are the sons of Japheth next to Javan and are mentioned together everywhere (except Ps. 119.5): Ezekiel in Ezekiel 32.26 puts them in connection with Assur, and in Ezek.38:2, 39:1, they are allies of Gog. Tubal, Assyrian. Tabalu, resp. Greek Τιβαρηνκ, who lived between the Black Sea and Cilicia, and Meshech, LXX is right. "Mosoh", Assyrian. Mushku, Greek Μοσχζα to the north. Asia Minor, mentioned for the first time by Hecataeus of Miletus; in the Persian kingdom both belonged to the 19th satrapy (Herod. III, 9; VII, 78; Anab. V, 5; 2 Plin VI, 10; V, 27; Str XI, 497 and d. Plut. Pomp. 34). Blazh. Jerome, “Iberians and Cappadocians” (the capital of the latter in his time was called Mazakha). Maybe some Scythian tribes (cf. explanation of Ezek. 32:26, ​​38:2). LXX are not considered proper names: “all (i.e. Hellas; read tevel - “universe”) and your neighbors” (παρατεινοντα; “yours” - the addition of slav. t.; bag was derived from mashak - “to stretch”). "Souls of Men". The expression condemns the trade in human goods. Joel 3.6 also speaks about the slave trade of Javan (cf. Am 1.6, 9). Euboean copper was famous (Mov. II, 65). Ezek.27:14. From the house of Togarm they brought you horses and steeds and mules in exchange for your goods. “From home” - tribe. Togarmah. According to Gen. 10.3, Gomer's son Japhetis. Ezekiel Eze.38.6 places in the extreme north between the allies of Gog. Blazh. Jerome and Theodoret saw them as Phrythians (consonant). Christian Armenians also derived themselves from them. Both countries (Frig. and Arm.) were famous for horses - see below (Her. I, 194; VII, 40; Anab. IV, 34; Str. XI, 13, 9). Cappadonia was famous for the same thing. In Assyrian chronicles mention Tilgarimma (Del. W. I. d. Par. 246), Strabo has Τροκμοι, Τροκμαδες, who were Celts who inhabited Galatia. All this is near Armenia. The last two testimonies (Assyrian and Strab.) justify the reading of LXX "Forgham". “Horses” - draft horses. “Combat horses” - for cavalry; euro personal “horsemen”, therefore glory. "horsemen". Horses are young mules, slav. "Vengeance". “Goods” – see art. 12. Ezek.27:15. The sons of Dedan traded with you; many islands bartered with you, bringing you ivory and ebony as payment. “Sons” as in v. 16 for variety instead of “house” Art. 14 and simple names v. 12–13. Dedan the Bible knows Arabian, Semitic (Gen. 25.3; Eze. 25.13 and here v. 20; cf. Jer 25:23, 49:8) and Hamitic, Ethiopian (Gen. 10.7), which is clearly understood here, for it was Ethiopia in ancient times that was famous for ivory and ebony, surpassing the quality of the latter and India (Herod. III, 114; Str. XVII, 821; LXX: “Sons of Rhodism”, obviously reading Rodam instead of Dedan (the letters Rosh and Dalet are very similar) and meaning Rhodes, to which the further “many islands” go, i.e. the Mediterranean Sea, which are mentioned probably as intermediaries in the trade of Tire with distant Ethiopia; but glory. “O multiplying islands, I will buy yours” gives the idea of ​​Rhodes as an intermediary in the trade of the Mediterranean islands with Tire. “Ebony” – ebony; euro gavbnim is clearly a foreign word and is translated by Sim. Vulg. Kimhi 'εβενος, with which it is consonant. During Solomon's time, ivory and ebony were obtained by the Jews from Ophir. LXX: “and to those brought in (derived from bo “to come”) you repaid your bribes,” that is, it must be that Tire paid dearly for the delivery of these items to Rhodes and the islands, since they themselves received them from afar and served only as contractors in delivering them to Tire. Ezek.27:16. Because of your great trade production, the Arameans traded with you; They paid for your goods in carbuncles, purple and embroidered fabrics, and fine linen, and corals, and rubies. “Because of your large commercial production,” lit. “because of the multitude of your works” (Vulg. propter multitudinem operum tuorum), i.e. for the acquisition of various products of Tire. LXX “from the multitude of the intermingled, ςυμμικτου, yours,” reading instead of maase - maarab - “participant” according to Art. 9. “Arameans” - Syria in the broadest sense, since many of the items listed were obtained from the distant east and since Damascus is discussed in Art. 18. Therefore, perhaps, LXX read adam, “man” instead of aram, seeing here an indication of the subject of trade and a continuation of the description of the Rhodes trade (“thou hast repaid... I will buy men yours”); according to the LXX, the newest ones suggest reading “Edom,” which, they say, would go to the geographical order of description. “Carbuncles” is a tentative translation of the Hebrew “nophek”, mentioned among the precious stones back in Ezek. 28.13; Exodus 28.18, 39.11 (in the breastplate of the high priest, first in the second row, with sapphire). LXX – “stakti” (personal drop, - fragrant resin), cf. Blessed Theodoret: “balm”, but in other places LXX: anerax. Vulg. gemma, pearl. It is remarkable that after this stone, fabrics and again two types of less expensive stones (Russian: corals and rubies) are named: the prophet is apparently very accurate in his description and lists goods according to their cost; “Purple cloths” - Heb. “argaman”, see explanation of Art. 7, where is the glory. “blue”, which is put out of place here: “variegated (see further: “patterned fabrics”) and blue”; it should be the other way around; Greek lowers. “Patterned” (fabrics), Heb. riqma, LXX: “variegated”, see explanation of Ezek.16.10. “Fine linen” – Heb. buts ; in Art. 7 and Ezek.16.10 is translated in Hebrew. shesh, it is believed that the latter is the name of the Egyptian fine linen, which is more ancient, and butz, on the basis of the present place where it was first used, is considered the name of the Syrian fine linen, since butz is a Phoenician word meaning cotton, from which the Phoenicians wove their fine linen, while the Egyptians wove their linen; subsequently butz began to be used for all fine linen (cf. 2 Chronicles 3.14 with Exodus 26.31), passing into other languages. LXX “from Tharsil” is an expression that according to Hebrew. i.e. not at all in the present place (Blessed Jeremiah). "Corals". Heb. ramof, incomprehensible in the LXX, which has a transcription here (glorified “ramof”), is translated according to the rabbis; The Persian Gulf abounded in corals (as well as pearls, see below). explanation “carbuncles”), the extraction of which also covered the Indian Ocean and which constituted a common item of trade with the West (Plin. XXXII, 11). “Rubies – kadhod. Heb. it was incomprehensible to LXX, which here has a transcription with the replacement of Dalet Resh: “horkhor”, but in Is 54.12: “jasper”, which was actually found a lot in Syria (Plin. ib.); translation "ruby" based on the Arabic root. Ezek.27:17. Judah and the land of Israel traded with you; They paid for your goods in Minnite wheat and sweets, and honey, and wood oil, and balm. Minnif, according to the Court. 11.33, a Gilead city, famous, in addition to wheat (2 Chronicles 27.5) and one of the following products: balm (Jer 8.22). According to Evs and Jer, Μαανιθ was “on the fourth stone” (at the distance of the 4th thrown stone) from Heshbon on the road to Philadelphia. LXX read the Minif differently: by selling wheat; Vulg. free: frumento primo. Wheat as the natural wealth of Palestine is spoken of in Gen. 49.20; 1 Kings 5.11; Acts 12.20; Josephus Antiqu, 14:10, 6; and also Ezek.26.2. According to the Talmud, the best wheat in Israel was Mikhmas (Smend). “Sweets” – presumably according to sire. root, Targum and ancient. sense (Hesychius: το εκ μελιτος τρωγαλιον) translation of Hebrew. απ. λεγ. panag, which the LXX consider incense: “and mrov and xii,” Vulg. balm, Targ. and rabbi sweet, edible herbs or soap made from the ashes of herbs, Peshito - millet. – “Honey”, of course, mainly comes from wild bees (Isaiah 7.22), since beekeeping was alien to the Jews (Nowack, Arch. I, 86). "Wood oil". Not only Judea, but also all of Palestine was rich in olive trees: Deut. 33:24, 32:13; Flavius ​​Bel. jud. 2:21, 2. During the blessed. Jerome it was exported mainly to Egypt; now used in soap factories. "Balm". It is unlikely that the resin of the real balsam tree, which did not grow in Gilead, this supplier of Jewish balm, was the resin of the pistachio tree (Gen. 43.11) or terebinth, which served medicinal purposes. Writing is good LXX: “ritina” ρητινη and Vulg. resina (resin). This balm is native to Arabia and only later began to be cultivated near Jericho (Smend). Ezek.27:18. Damascus, because of your great trade production, because of the abundance of all wealth, traded with you the wine of Helbon and white wool. “Because of your large commercial production” see Art. 16. LXX doesn't have it. - “Wine of Helbon”. Helbon, Assyrian. Khilbun, must be the present Khalbun 2 miles to the north-east. from Damascus; famous for wine even now; according to Strabo (XV, 3, 22) the Persian kings drank only this wine; The wine of these places is also praised in Hosea 14.8; Song 8.11. Helbon is unfairly identified with Aleppo, which is too far away and too close to the village. from Damascus (see beginning of verse) Vulg. free (as about wheat 17th century): vino pingui, thick. "White wool". Heb. “wool tsogar”, the word is used only by the Court. 5.10, to which the meaning white, shiny is assumed presumably; rather own Name; perhaps Sycharia, now Nabatea; LXX by guess: “a wave shining from Militus”, and “shining” only in glory, doublet; Vulg. free again: lanis coloris optimi. Ezek.27:19. Dan and Javan from Uzal paid you for your goods with wrought iron; The cassia and the incense cane were exchanged for you. "Dan". In euros vedan, where ve cannot be the conjunction "and" because all verses begin without a conjunction. Therefore, Vedan is a proper name here (and not Dan). In ancient Arabia there was a city called Waddan between Mecca and Medina (Smend). Aden could also be called that. In Art. 18–22 it’s all about Arabia. Slav. "Vedan", Greek. lowers. – “Javan” – the same as in Art. 13, but, as the further circumstance of the place shows, the Ionians are understood to be from Arabia, that is, the Greek (Vulg. and here: Graecia) colonies there. LXX read Yayin. “Dedanovo wine” and saw here a continuation of the speech about the Damascus trade; glory doublet: “and Jonanovo.” "From Uzal". This was the name in ancient times of present-day Sana'a, the main city of Yemen, which received its last name after the 5th century. AD. In one cuneiform script, Izal is mentioned as a famous country of wine (Krechm.). LXX and Vulg. merge the preposition min “from” with the word: slav. “meoselevo”, Mosel, is the third type of Damascus wine imported into Tire; in glory and a doublet: “from Assiel”. "Forged with iron". The first is a translation from the LXX, Pescito and Vulg. (fabricatum) dark Heb. the word ashot, which apparently they all read asot; others: “polished”: Targ. "wire". If the first translation is correct, then it probably means saber blades. Next to the Yemenite swords, the Arabs had Indian swords in glory; the former, perhaps, were only an imitation of the latter (Smend). "Cassia". Heb. Kidda is translated this way by Onkelos, Peshito, Vulgate (the latter in other places), and here stacte, generally fragrant resin. Genus of fragrant cinnamon, laurus cassius s. cinnamonum aromaticum, which was part of the sacred. peace (Exodus 30.24). Grew in India and, apparently, also in Arabia (Herod. III, 110, etc.) LXX is omitted, in other places ιρις .. "Incense cane". Heb. Cane is just a cane. It was part of the sacred world (Exodus 30.23) and was used for smoking (Jeremiah 6.20, etc.). The Greeks and Romans knew reed, which had medicinal uses (Diod. I, 17), was part of incense and was used for smoking (Plin. XIII, 2; XV, 7). It must have been the asorus (calamus) calamus of Linnaeus. Even now it is brought in large numbers to the Damascus market from India, its homeland, but is not alien to Arabia and even Lebanon. LXX: “wheels”, which is more consistent with the previous iron; in other places LXX kane translate, καλαμος and κυναμωνον; Vulg. calamus. Ezek.27:20. Dedan traded with you precious horse blankets. “Dedan” is an Arab trading people, mentioned several times in the Old Testament (Gen. 10.7; Ezek. 25.13) and living in the north-east. Arabia near the present ruins of Dedan (to the west of Tema) and to the south. – “Precious blankets” is the most likely translation of the Hebrew. bigdey - hofesh. “clothes, coverings for laying”; maybe saddles. Vulg. tapetibus ad sedendum (carpets for squatting). LXX: “cattle chosen for chariots” – draft animals: horses, mules. Ezek.27:21. Arabia and all the princes of Kedar bartered with you: they exchanged lambs and rams and goats for you. "Arabia" Heb. Arav - a name first found in Isaiah (Isaiah 13:20): it meant not only the peninsula, but, as its root shows, the nomadic tribes of the nomads of the Syro-Arabian desert, who, as now, reached Babylon in search of pastures; in the book Chronicles (2 Chronicles 21:16, 22, etc.) the word apparently means only a peninsula. - "Kidarskie". Ishmael (Gen. 25.13) nomadic tribe of the Syro-Arabian desert, who suffered from Nebuchadnezzar (Jer. 49.28), Assyrian. Kydru, in Pliny (V, 12) Cedrei; they were famous for their herds and as archers (Isaiah 60.7; Isaiah 21.16 etc.). - “We bartered with you,” glory. more precisely: “merchants of your hand,” that is, subordinates to you, trade intermediaries, agents, which only the Bedouins could be. - “Lambs”. LXX – “camels”, after reading kar – “ram” with the preposition be like beker according to Is 60.6 “young camel”. - “Goats.” LXX "lambs", Heb. gattud personal advanced, like the street - ram. Ezek.27:22. Merchants from Sheba and Rayema ​​traded with you in all kinds of the best incense and all kinds of expensive stones, and paid for your goods in gold. “Sheba” is a rich, trading people (Ezek.38.13), according to Gen. 10.7, of Kushite (Hamitic) origin, in southern, happy Arabia (Yemen), owning eastern trade, like Western Dedan, often mentioned by ancient writers; Strabo (XVI, 768; cf. Plin VI, 28) places them near the Red Sea; both the classics (Plin. XII, 7; Diod. III, 46) and the Arab sagas (Koran XXVII, 20 etc.) speak of their wealth. Their main city was Mariaba (Str. XVI, 768, etc.), now the ruins of Marib are 6 days' journey to the century. from Sana. Their trade was not limited to Arabic works, but extended to Indian and Ethiopian ones; they traded with Syria, Mesopotamia and Egypt. In addition to trade relations, they had many conquests and colonies not only in Arabia, but in Syria and Mesopotamia (Job 1.15. Plin. XII, 35). "Raema", famous. “Ramma”, according to Gen. 10.7 is Kushite, the father of Dedan and Sheba. Location uncertain. Most likely identical with Strabo's Ραμμανιται (XVI, 4, 24), in the south. Arabia; mentioned in Savea inscriptions (Bert.); others identify the Ρηγμα of Ptolemy (VI, 7, 14), who lived near the Persian Gulf. “The best incense”, lit. "head of incense." In the Savean part of Arabia, according to the description of the ancients, balsam (and now), cassia, frankincense, myrtle, palm trees, calamus, cinnamon, and larimmon grew. LXX: “the first sweets” ηδισματων must be spices. 1 Kings 10.2, 10 speaks about the wealth of Sheba and the trade in roots and incense; Isa 60.6; Ps 71.10. "With all kinds of expensive stones". Onyx, ruby, agate, carnelian are still found in the Adramant Mountains; in Yemen there is crystal, jasper and many rubies (Niebur Descript. p. 125). Wed. 1 Kings 10.10. – Gold was mined in Arabia much further north (Str. 778. Diod III, 45) but was mainly obtained there, like precious stones, from India (Smend). Now it is not mined. About the trade and wealth of Sheba in gold 1 Kings 10.2, 10; Jer 6.20; Isa 60.6. Ezek.27:23. Haran and Hane and Eden, the merchants of Sheba, Assur and Hilmad traded with you. Counting from Arabia moves to Mesopotamia and nearby countries. "Harran" is a famous city in the north. Mesopotamia (Gen. 11.31, etc.) Assyrian. Harran, Greek Καρραι. The ancient city was not only a cultural point and center of Sabeanism, but also a trading point (at that time, holy places often served as trading points, and trade caravans were also pilgrimages). "Hane", glory. "Hanaa". There must be Kullani wedge-shaped inscriptions in the north. Syria, abbreviation Chalne Gen 10.10; Am 6.2; Isa 10.9. Previously, they were identified with Ctesiphon on the basis of Pliny’s testimony (VI, 26) that Ctesiphon was in Halonitis; but Ctesiphon is of Greek origin. The classics mention Καιναι on the Tigris. "Eden", glory. and some Greek code. Dedan must be incorrect, according to Art. 20, in Vat. etc. no. It differs from the area of ​​paradise in Hebrew. the first is “e”: the first is written with a long cere, the real name with a short segol. It must be identical with Eden Am 1.5 mentioned near Harran; 2 Kings 19.12 and Bit-Adini wedge-shaped inscriptions area on both banks of the middle Euphrates. In the classics, for example, Stephen the Byzantine is mentioned in the same places ' Αδανα and ' Εδδανα . Targum: Adiabene. “The merchants of Sheba” are mentioned here again (cf. v. 22), only as intermediaries we count them in this verse of the countries with Tire. Such mediation is clearly evidenced by Juba in Pliny (XII, 17), that the Sabeans, who lived in the country of spices, came with the latest and other goods (especially incense) to Harran, where there was an annual fair; from there they went to Gabala (in Phenicia), Palestine, from which styrax was taken, and even to Pareno. “Assur”, of course, is Assyria, and not Supa or Essuri, unmentioned anywhere in the Bible, a port on the right bank of the Euphrates (Mov. according to Trochon). Tribute from Assyria (at least tribute in the sense of commercial profit) is a sign of the special strength and splendor of Tire. "Hilmad" - απ. λεγ. Reading LXX "Harman" allows us to compare with Xenophon's αρμανδη (Anab. I, 5, 10) at the border of the Euphrates on the border of Babylonia and the famous Carmania. Kalvada was known near Baghdad (Menarit. Babylon et la Chaldee, 107–111.). Ezek.27:24. They traded with you in precious clothes, silk and patterned materials, which they brought to your markets in expensive boxes made of cedar and well packed. The verse is filled with unknown words. "Precious robes". The first word must be a tentative translation of the Hebrew. maklul, coll. perfection, beauty; almost the same word in Ezekiel 23.12 (where Russian: “magnificently dressed”, Slav. “beautiful”) denotes some distinctive and beautiful affiliation of the Assyrians; the second ("clothes") - presupposition. translation euro απ. 19: helom, which according to Targ. learn the meaning of mantle; consonant with Persian. the word "trash" and vav. "Gulina". Shinar robes were famous even under Joshua (Joshua 7.21). Vulg. involucra, integument. "Silk and patterned materials". Heb. Tekelet and Rikmah see explanation of Ezek.16.10. Slav. instead of the four listed concepts, it has only 2: “blue and scarlet” - blue and red purple, and the Greek. only one; υακινθον – hyacinth or its purple color. "In expensive boxes". The second word is a tentative translation of the Hebrew. genesis, which in Esther 3.9 is given the meaning of “treasury” (Russian Biblical “treasury”); glory here and there: “treasures”. Vulg. too: gaza. European design t. here gives the idea of ​​a new item of trade, which could not be “boxes for goods”, and they are not “expensive” at all. According to Persian and Ethiopian. the roots give the word the meaning of “carpets”, “bedspreads”, for which Babylon was famous, like curtains and tent accessories (Mov. 262). “Dear” – Heb. Beromim Assir. burrumu - multi-woven, variegated; glory "chosen one" “Made of cedar and well packaged” - lit.: (traded) havushim and azurim ropes. The last two words, απ. λεγ ., the most probable meaning of which is “twisted and strong.” Slav. (like Russian) they consider this to be a definition of treasure (treasury, boxes): “tied with snakes, cypress.” The Phoenicians made ropes from white flax (Herod. VII, 25, 34, etc.), but in the east, according to Pliny (XIII, 4, 7), the best fibers of palm leaves and papyrus were prepared (hence, perhaps, concept 3: ezer, cedar). Tyr needed ropes and cables in large quantities for his ships. Ezek.27:25. The ships of Tarshish were your caravans in your trade, and you became rich and very famous among the seas. "Ships of Tarshish". Although the trade of Tire with Tarshish was already mentioned in Art. 12, but here Tarshish serves only as an epithet for ships, expressing the range of their voyage. Slav.: “Carhidonstia”. And Tire had such ships as camels in a caravan. – “Caravans” – guess. euro meaning sharot, which is Vulg. translates principes, slav. "merchants" and Targ. considers as a verb: “brought.” - “In your trade.” Slav. “in multitudes are your confederates”, among numerous trading allies. - “And you became rich and very famous among the seas.” Slav. more precisely: “and you were filled and made the hearts of the sea very heavy.” This refers primarily to the heavy cargo of a ship. The speech returns to what was abandoned back in v. 9. comparing Tire to a ship. Ezek.27:26. Your rowers brought you into great waters; the east wind has broken you among the seas. The death of the ship Tyra is described. The reason for it was 1) the reckless courage with which the helmsmen brought the ship into great depth, i.e. the bold policy of the Tyrian government and 2) the “east wind”, simoom or sirocco (LXX and Vulg. “southern”, because it is brought to Palestine from the south), usually destroying many ships in the Mediterranean Sea (Ps 77.26; Acts 27.14 and etc.), i.e. Chaldeans, cf. Ezek.17.10. Ezek.27:27. Your wealth and your goods, all your storehouses, your shipmen and your pilots, who filled your breaches and managed your trade, and all your warriors that you had, and all the multitude of people in you, on the day of your fall will fall into the heart of the seas. The enumeration of all the enormous and valuable contents of the ship increases the regret over its destruction. “Shipmen”, “helmsmen” refer to Art. 8, “those who sealed the holes” (Slav. “councillors” in the sense of “engineers”) and “those who managed your trade” (“for the production of your trade” - v. 9; slav. “mistresses from your messengers” - perhaps representatives from partners in trade) - to Art. 9, “warriors” - to Art. 10 and 11. “The whole multitude of the people” - perhaps counted from v. 12. traders with Tire. Ezek.27:28. The screams of your pilots will make the surrounding area tremble. "Neighborhoods". Although the Ev. migragi in other places has such a meaning, but here it would weaken the power of thought: the fall of Tire will not only terrify its surroundings; therefore LXX: “with fear (they will be afraid)”; Vulg. classes. Ezek.27:29. And all the rowers, the shipmen, all the helmsmen of the sea will come down from their ships and stand on the ground; With the loss of such a large ship (Tira), no one can feel safe on the ship: the maritime trade of the smaller coastal cities ("ships") will be limited to land. "Shipmen", famous. "horsewomen"; "helmsmen", slav. "catchers". Ezek.27:30. and they will weep for you with a loud voice, and groan bitterly, throwing ashes on their heads and rolling in the dust; “Sprinkling ashes on your heads,” glory. more precisely: “they will lay earth on their heads” as a sign of mourning; the earth that was sprinkled on heads as a sign of mourning could initially (when this custom arose) be taken from the coffin. – “They will wallow in dust” is a sign of especially intense sorrow. Thus, the four signs of mourning listed in the verse are each stronger than the other. But the meaning of “to wallow” is controversial for Hebrew. verb broadsword; LXX: “bed”; others: “will be covered (with dust).” Ezek.27:31. and they will cut off your hair naked, and gird themselves with sackcloth, and they will weep bitter tears for you out of spiritual sorrow; Not in Vatik. and many more other code “They will cut off... their hair”, “they will girdle themselves with sackcloth” - signs of mourning, see the explanation of Ezek.7.18. Ezek.27:32. and in their lamentation they will raise a lamentable song about you, and so they will weep for you: “Who is like Tire, so destroyed in the middle of the sea! “In his lamentation” – the Hebrew benigem allows you to read from LXX; “them again,” that is, those who died on the ship - Tire. "Destroyed", glory. and Vulg. “thou art silent,” Targ.: “like him.” Ezek.27:33. When your goods came from the seas, you fed many nations; By the abundance of your wealth and by your trade you have enriched the kings of the earth. Tire received its most expensive goods from the sea. He was only an intermediary in the trade of overseas countries with Asia: “Your wealth,” glory. “your mixer”, partners in trade. "Enriched kings". These include mainly goods such as gold, purple, and precious stones. Ezek.27:34. And when you were broken by the seas in the depths of the waters, your goods and everything crowded in you fell. "Broken by the seas in the depths of the waters". Destruction of Tyre by Alexander the Great. “Your goods”, glory. again: “your mistresses.” At the end of the verse, glory. – adds against the euro. and Greek “and all the worlds” must be a gloss to “hosts”. Ezek.27:35. All the inhabitants of the islands were horrified at you, and their kings shuddered and changed their faces. The death of Tire was especially horrifying for the “islands” that traded with him and knew him well, which had to lose a lot from this catastrophe; therefore, their “kings” even “changed their faces,” lit.: “their faces shuddered,” glor.: “their faces shed tears.” Ezek.27:36. Traders of other nations whistled about you; You have become a horror, and you will not exist forever.” On the contrary, Tire's rivals in trade could not help but regard his death with gloating. - “They whistled.” The highest degree of malevolence and horror: 1 Kings 9.8; Jer 19.8; Soph 2.15; Lamentations 2.15. - “You have become a horror,” glory. “to destruction”, Vulg. ad nihilum, which, in essence, is one thing: complete destruction cannot but inspire the most intense horror. - “You will be gone forever.” The most terrible and truly eternal curse. The end of the speech is amazing. You might be interested in: