Глава 19

1–15. Parables of various contents about wealth and poverty, prudence and stupidity, etc. 16–29. Parables related in content to charity, education, etc. Proverbs 19:1. Better is a poor man who walks in his integrity than a [rich] man with lying lips and a fool at that. Proverbs 19:2. It is not good for a soul without knowledge, and those who are in a hurry will stumble. Proverbs 19:3. Man's stupidity perverts his path, and his heart is indignant at the Lord. Proverbs 19:4. Wealth brings many friends, but the poor man remains his friend. Proverbs 19:5. A false witness will not go unpunished, and whoever tells a lie will not be saved. Proverbs 19:6. Many curry favor with nobles, and everyone is a friend to the person who gives gifts. Proverbs 19:7. The poor man is hated by all his brothers, and even more so his friends move away from him: he chases after them to talk, but that doesn’t happen either. Proverbs 19:8. He who gains understanding loves his soul; whoever observes prudence finds good. Proverbs 19:9. A false witness will not go unpunished, and whoever tells a lie will perish. Proverbs 19:10. Splendor is indecent for a fool, much less for a slave to have dominion over princes. Proverbs 19:11. Prudence makes a man slow to anger, and it is his glory to be lenient towards wrongdoing. Proverbs 19:12. The king's anger is like the roar of a lion, and his favor is like dew on the grass. Proverbs 19:13. A foolish son is his father's ruin, and a contentious wife is a waste pipe. Proverbs 19:14. House and property are an inheritance from parents, and a reasonable wife is from the Lord. Proverbs 19:15. Laziness makes you drowsy, and a careless soul will suffer hunger. Art. 1 is repeated almost verbatim in Proverbs 28.6 - with the difference that in this last place in the second half of the verse there is the word “rich” - ashir, and not “foolish” - kesil, as here. Only the reading of Proverbs 28.6 corresponds to the context of the speech, which is why the reading of this passage of Proverbs 19.1 should be corrected accordingly, as they do LXX, Vulg., glory. 2–3 tbsp. highlight the idea that well-being is possible for a person only with prudence and prudence. Art. 4, 6–7 note the always and everywhere present phenomenon of everyday experience - the fact of the universal admiration of people for wealth and the rich and disdain for the poor (fn. Proverbs 14.20). Art. 5 contains an interpolated thought about the crime of perjury (cf. Proverbs 6.19, 14.5); about the same thing - and Art. 9. Art. 10 refers to the frequent cases in the ancient and modern East of the instant elevation of a slave to the position of ruler; The Wise One condemns such a phenomenon not in itself, but insofar as physical slavery can easily be combined with slavery of the spirit, in particular with stupidity; The idea is that for the possession of goods - wealth, power and the like - there must be preparation in the form of education. Art. 11–15 contain a number of empirical observations from the areas of private, public and political life. Proverbs 19:16. He who keeps the commandment preserves his soul, but he who is heedless of his ways will perish. Proverbs 19:17. He who does good to the poor lends to the Lord, and He will reward him for his good deed. Proverbs 19:18. Punish your son while there is hope, and do not be indignant at his cry. Proverbs 19:19. Let the angry one suffer punishment, because if you spare him, you will have to punish him even more. Proverbs 19:20. Listen to advice and accept reproof, so that you may later become wise. Proverbs 19:21. There are many plans in the human heart, but only those determined by the Lord will take place. Proverbs 19:22. A man's joy is his charity, and a poor man is better than a deceitful one. Proverbs 19:23. The fear of the Lord leads to life, and whoever has it will always be content, and evil will not befall him. Proverbs 19:24. The lazy person puts his hand into the cup and does not want to bring it to his mouth. Proverbs 19:25. If you punish a blasphemer, then the simple will become prudent; and if you rebuke a wise man, he will understand the instruction. Proverbs 19:26. He who ruins his father and drives out his mother is a shameful and dishonest son. Proverbs 19:27. Stop, my son, listening to suggestions about evading the sayings of reason. Proverbs 19:28. The wicked witness mocks the court, and the lips of the wicked swallow lies. Proverbs 19:29. Judgments are ready for those who blaspheme, and beatings on the body of fools. At the head of all rules is the keeping of the commandments of the law (Mosaic), which, according to the legislator himself (Deut. 31.15), indicates true life, true good and salvation for man (v. 16). The main commandment, the main virtue is mercy and charity to the poor, in which a person makes God himself, as it were, a debtor to himself (v. 17, cf. Ps 40.1; Mt 10.42; Mt 25.40). The second most important thing - after alms and charity - is a matter of duty for a person to raise children (vv. Proverbs 1.8-20), which the Wise One often speaks about in other places (Proverbs 13.25, 23.13). According to the spirit of antiquity and the Old Testament, in the system of education the Wise One allowed corporal punishment, but He warns parents against extremes and abuses in this regard (v. 18) - the Apostle does this in the same way (Eph 6.4); the more persistent the admonition to the children in charge (v. 20). Art. 21 turns the thought of a person striving to improve his life by all measures and means, to the only Lord of the world and life - God: human plans, the most thoughtful, are characterized by variability and instability; immutable, unchangeable is only the command of God (cf. Numbers 23.19), by which He rules everything (cf. Proverbs 16.1). Art. 22 depicts the inner side of charity - the feeling of the benefactor’s sincere affection for the poor, while above (v. 17) only remuneration for charity was spoken of. Art. 23 once again represents a reminder of the main (in the Old Testament) virtue - the fear of God and its salvation for man (cf. Proverbs 16.27). Art. 24 is almost literally repeated below in Proverbs 26.15 (cf. Proverbs 12.27) and refers to the custom of the East - not to use forks and knives when eating. The final verses (25–29) speak of listeners who are morally incapable of receiving the teaching of wisdom and contain a warning against being carried away by their examples (v. 27). You might be interested in: