Глава 15

1–7. Reign of the 10th king of Judah, Azariah-Uzziah. 8–12. Zechariah, 15th king of Israel. 13–16. Sellum, 16th king of Israel. 17–22. 17th Menaim. 23–26. 18th Phakia. 27–31. 19th Fakei. 32–38. 11th King of Judah Jotham. 2 Kings 15:1. In the twenty-seventh year of Jeroboam king of Israel, Azariah the son of Amaziah, king of Judah, reigned: 2 Kings 15:2. He was sixteen years old when he began to reign, and he reigned fifty-two years in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Jeholiah, from Jerusalem. 2 Kings 15:3. He did what was right in the sight of the Lord in all things, just as Amaziah his father did. 2 Kings 15:4. Only the heights were not abolished: the people still performed sacrifices and incense on the heights. 2 Kings 15:5. And the Lord struck the king, and he was a leper until the day of his death and lived in a separate house. And Jotham, the king's son, was in charge of the palace and governed the people of the land. 2 Kings 15:6. The rest of Azariah and all that he did was written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah. 2 Kings 15:7. And Azariah slept with his fathers, and they buried him with his fathers in the city of David. And Jotham his son reigned in his stead. The long (52 years) 5 and flourishing reign of Azariah-Uzziah, to which the fourth book of Kings devotes only a few verses, and the second book of Chronicles devotes an entire chapter (2 Chronicles 26). It is reported there that the piety of Azariah-Uzziah was especially strong, and the successes of his reign were especially noticeable during his leadership by the divinely enlightened high priest Zechariah (2 Chronicles 26:5). Among the deeds of this king, which contributed to the well-being and prosperity of the kingdom of Judah and brought Uzziah wide fame even among other nations, are named there: military successes in clashes with the Philistines, Arabians and Ammonites; strengthening the walls of Jerusalem with towers and specially invented machines for throwing arrows and stones; the erection of watchtowers in the desert, the cutting out of reservoirs for livestock there, extensive cattle breeding and grape growing, and the best armament of an army of 307,500 people, with 2,600 military leaders (vv. 6–15). But these rare successes gave Azariah-Uzziah a reason for self-exaltation and sacrilege, which was punished by leprosy that struck him in the church itself, where he dared to assume high priestly functions for himself (2 Chronicles 26:16-21; cf. Blessed Theodoret, question 46). Stricken with leprosy and, as such, obliged by law to live outside the city (Lev. 13:46; 2 Kings 7:3), Uzziah settled “in a separate house” (v. 5; 2 Chron. 26:21), Heb. be-bet ha hofshim, LXX leave Heb. term without translation: εν οἴκω ᾿αφφσυσώθ (so did Blessed Theodoret, question 46, glorified: “in the house of the Apfusoph”); euro hofshit contains the concept of remoteness and freedom, why in Vulg: in domo libera seorsum. Probably, Oziya now lived in a separate country house, perhaps one he deliberately erected for himself (not “in the hospital”, like Gesenius, Prof. Gulyaev, etc.). Until the death of Uzziah, his son Jotham was in charge of administrative affairs (v. 5, 2 Chron. 26:21). He was buried like a leper, separately from the other kings, although close to them (2 Chronicles 26:23). 2 Kings 15:8. In the thirty-eighth year of Azariah king of Judah, Zechariah the son of Jeroboam reigned over Israel in Samaria and reigned for six months. 2 Kings 15:9. He did what was evil in the sight of the Lord, as his fathers had done: he did not turn away from the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin. 2 Kings 15:10. And Shallum the son of Jabez conspired against him, and struck him before the people, and slew him, and reigned in his stead. 2 Kings 15:11. Other things about Zechariah are written in the chronicles of the kings of Israel. 2 Kings 15:12. This was the word of the Lord, which he spake to Jehu, saying, Thy sons unto the fourth generation shall sit on the throne of Israel. And so it came true. For the date of verse 8, compare the comments to (2 Kings 14:23). In verse 10 in Heb. in the text there is an unclear and almost damaged expression kebal-am (otherwise kablaim, codex 174 in Kennicott); LXX is rendered as the proper name of a person: Κεβλαάμ, slav. “Kevlaam”, but better – as in Russian. synod. and Prof. Gulyaeva: “before the people” (Vulg. palam). With the death of Zechariah, this fourth successor of Jehu, the latter's dynasty on the throne of Israel ended, according to the prophecy given to Jehu himself (v. 12, cf. 2 Kings 10:30). 2 Kings 15:13. Shallum the son of Jabez began to reign in the thirty-ninth year of Azariah king of Judah, and reigned for one month in Samaria. The reign of the 19th Israeli king Cellum, who, according to I. Flavius, was a friend of Zechariah and treacherously killed him, lasted only 1 month. If Zechariah, who reigned for 6 months, reigned in the 38th year of the reign of Azariah of Judah (2 Kings 15:8), and Sellum in the 39th year, then, obviously, the 1st began to reign in the second half of the 38th year. 2 Kings 15:14. And Menaim the son of Gadi of Tirzah went and came to Samaria, and smote Shallum the son of Jabez in Samaria, and slew him, and reigned in his stead. 2 Kings 15:15. The rest of the story about Shallum and his conspiracy that he formed is written in the chronicles of the kings of Israel. 2 Kings 15:16. And Menahem struck Tipsah and all that were in it and within its borders, beginning from Tirzah, because the city did not open the gates, and broke it, and cut in pieces all the pregnant women in it. 2 Kings 15:17. In the thirty-ninth year of Azariah king of Judah, Menaim the son of Gadi reigned over Israel and reigned ten years in Samaria; 2 Kings 15:18. and he did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord; kept up with the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin all his days. 2 Kings 15:19. Then Phul king of Assyria came to the land [of Israel]. And Menaim gave Fulu a thousand talents of silver, that his hands might be for him, and that he might establish the kingdom in his hand. 2 Kings 15:20. And Menahem distributed this silver among the Israelites, among all the rich people, fifty shekels of silver for each man, to give to the king of Assyria. And the king of Assyria went back and did not remain there in the land. 2 Kings 15:21. The rest of Menahem and all that he did was written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel. 2 Kings 15:22. And Menaim slept with his fathers. And Thakiah his son reigned in his stead. The new usurper of the throne of Israel, the 16th king Menaim, established himself in the kingdom not without protest from the population, which caused the bloodshed carried out by Menaim in Tipsah (v. 16), an unknown trading city on the Euphrates (1 Kings 4:24; Heb. 5:4): a trip there at this time was unthinkable for Menaim due to the alarming circumstances (see. the opposite in Brodovich’s book “the book of the prophet Hosea”, p. 214, note), perhaps Tappuah (Joshua 16:8,17.8), on the northern border of the tribe of Ephraim and on the southern border of Manasseh (now presumably Yasuf south of Nabulus, Onomast. 511) whose district, starting from Tirzah (see 1 Kings 16:17 and approx.), Menaim subjected him to brutal defeat and bloodshed. In religious terms, the reign of Menaim did not stand out from others (v. 18). But it is remarkable as the moment of the first appearance on the territory of Palestine of the world conquerors of that time, the Assyrians, with king (Pul (LXX: Φουά, Vulg.: Phul) at their head (v. 19). This Phul, as Assyriologists now agree, is identical with Tiglath-pileser (Heb. Tiglath-Pileser) of the Bible, Tillat-Pileser of the Assyrian cuneiforms, in which under 738 this king names Menaim among his tributaries (Tiele, Babyl. -asbyr. Gesch., s. 110 ff. 226. Gommel. Gesch. Babyl. s. 648 ff.), although the Bible sometimes distinguishes these two names as the names of two different kings (cf. verse 29 and 1 Chronicles 5:26). But this is explained by the fact that Phul was the Babylonian (in the canon of Ptolemy: υῶος) name of the Assyrian Tiglath-Pilezer. The invasion of the Assyrian king into Palestine (some suggest that Menaim himself called Thul to pacify the country; at the same time, they point to the intensified attempts of the kingdom of Israel noted in the prophet Hosea and condemned by him to seek help from the Assyrian king: Hos. 5: 3, 7: 11, 8: 9, 10: 6, 12: 1) suggests that Syria, through which the Assyrian king had to pass, going to Israel kingdom, had already been conquered by the Assyrian king (indeed, in the Assyrian inscriptions, along with Menaim of Israel, the king of Damascus and Tire is mentioned as tributaries of Tiglath-Pilezer), who was thus at this time, in the words of the prophet (Hos. 8:10) “King of princes.” From the powerful king of Assyria, Menaim paid off with a rich tribute of 1000 talents of silver (about half a million rubles), spreading this amount among the more prosperous (Hebrew gibbore-hail, as rich Boaz is called in the book of Ruth, (Ruth. 2:1)) residents: such, judging by the layout of 50 shekels (approx. 40 rubles) for each, turned out to be in Israel There are only 60,000 people in the kingdom, while under David there were 800,000 adults (2 Sam. 24:9). (The talent is 3000 shekels, the total amount of tribute is 3,000,000 shekels), Menaim reigned for 10 years (v. 17). 2 Kings 15:23. In the fiftieth year of Azariah king of Judah, Phakiah the son of Menaim reigned over Israel in Samaria and reigned for two years; 2 Kings 15:24. and he did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord; kept up with the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin. 2 Kings 15:25. And Pekah the son of Remaliah, his official, conspired against him, and struck him in Samaria in the chamber of the king's house, with Argov and Arius, having with him fifty men of Gilead, and put him to death, and reigned in his stead. 2 Kings 15:26. The rest of Phakias and all that he did was written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel. The two-year reign of the 18th king of the Israeli son Menaim Phakiah (Heb. Pekahia, LXX: Φακεσίας, Vulg.: Phaceia), who, according to the testimony of Josephus (Jude. Ancient. 9:11, 1) was not inferior to his father, was not marked by anything in the inner life (it was distinguished by the usual among the kings of Israel serving the calves, v. 24), nor externally, and ceased with his violent death at the hand of his adjutant Pekah (Heb. Pekah, LXX: Φακεέ, Vulg.: Phacee) in the chambers of the royal palace (v. 25; cf. 1 Kings 16:18). Phakai became king (18th king). 2 Kings 15:27. In the fifty-second year of Azariah king of Judah, Pekah the son of Remaliah reigned over Israel in Samaria and reigned for twenty years; 2 Kings 15:28. and he did what was evil in the sight of the Lord: he did not turn away from the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin. 2 Kings 15:29. In the days of Pekah king of Israel, Tiglathpileser king of Assyria came and took Jonah, Abel-beth-maachah, and Janoch, and Kedesh, and Hazor, and Gilead, and Galilee, all the land of Naphtali, and carried them into Assyria. 2 Kings 15:30. And Hoshea the son of Elah conspired against Pekah the son of Remaliah, and smote him, and slew him, and reigned in his stead in the twentieth year of Jotham the son of Uzziah. 2 Kings 15:31. The rest of Pekah and all that he did was written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel. The reign of Phakay, who, according to I. Flavius, was distinguished by extreme atheism and illegal inclinations, according to Art. 27, lasted 20 years, but in reality, it seems, 30 years (with the letter designation of the numbers, the Hebrew kaf - 20 and lamed - 30 can be mixed): according to verses 32-33, Pekah reigned for 2 years before Jotham of Judah, at the same time with him for 16 years (18 years), and according to (2 Kings 17:1), Pekah's murderer and successor Hosea reigned only in the 12th year of Ahaz of Judah: thus Pekah reigned for 30 years. During the reign of Pekah, the invasion of the kingdom of Israel by the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser (v. 29), Tiglath-Pilezer III wedge-shaped inscriptions took place. As can be seen from the next chapter, this king appeared with conquest goals in relation to the kingdom of Israel, at the invitation of the Judah king Ahaz, forced to do so by the threat of the allied forces of Pekah of Israel and Rezin of Syria (2 Kings 16: 5-9; cf. Is. 7: 1 and the following), who concluded an alliance, probably not against Judah only (how successful were the military actions of Pekah against Judah kingdom, as can be seen from (2 Chronicles 28:5–15)), and also against Assyria itself. But this was the last unsuccessful attempt of the two weakened kingdoms to overthrow the Assyrian yoke; for both kingdoms it ended equally sadly. The Assyrian king took Damascus from the Syrians, resettled its inhabitants to Cyrus and killed Rezin (2 Kings 16:9). In the kingdom of Israel, he also took away the northern cities and provinces (v. 29; once temporarily occupied by the Syrian king Benhadad I, who came at the invitation of Asa, 1 Kings 15:19-20), and partly Transjordan - “Gilead”. Kedesh - in the tribe of Naphtali (Joshua 20:7; Onomasticon, 583), which was already a harbinger and the beginning of the nation-wide captivity of Israel. Tiglet-Pilezer in the inscription tells about himself that during his campaign of 733 he killed Pekah and installed Hosea as king of Samaria: this apparently agrees with the testimony of Art. 30, which seems to be in connection with what is mentioned in Art. 29 by the invasion of the Assyrian king speaks of the murder of Pekah by Hosea, who became king of Israel; one might think that the supporters of Assyria hastened to please the Assyrian king to install Hosea as his subordinate (compare, however, 2 Kings 17:3). The year of his accession could not be the 20th year of the reign of Jotham of Judah (v. 30), since the latter reigned only 16 years. (v. 33, cf. 2 Chronicles 27:3). 2 Kings 15:32. In the second year of Pekah the son of Remaliah king of Israel, Jotham the son of Uzziah king of Judah reigned. 2 Kings 15:33. He was twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and he reigned in Jerusalem for sixteen years. His mother's name was Jerusha, daughter of Zadok. 2 Kings 15:34. He did that which was right in the sight of the Lord: in all things, as Uzziah his father did, so did he also. 2 Kings 15:35. Only the heights were not abolished: the people still performed sacrifices and incense on the heights. He built the upper gate of the house of the Lord. 2 Kings 15:36. The rest of Jotham and all that he did was written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah. 2 Kings 15:37. In those days the Lord began to send Rezin king of Syria and Pekah the son of Remaliah to Judah. 2 Kings 15:38. And Jotham slept with his fathers, and was buried with his fathers in the city of David his father. And Ahaz his son reigned in his stead. He also talks about the reign of Jotham (cf. 2 Kings 15:5) on the 11th of Judah (2 Chronicles 27:1). About the religious activities of Jotham, in addition to what is said in Art. 34–35, the chapter in question in the fourth book of Kings, in (2 Chronicles 27:2) it is noted: “only he did not enter the church of Jehovah,” i.e. did not repeat the sacrilegious attempts of his father Uzziah (2 Chronicles 26:16). Jotham built the upper, i.e., northern gate of the church (v. 35; cf. Ezek.9:2) which was also called Benjamin (Jer.20:2); made many buildings on the south-eastern wall of the city, under the so-called. Ophele; built cities and fortresses; defeated and forced the Ammonites to pay tribute (2 Chronicles 27:3–5). His happy reign, however, contributed to the development of luxury and other vices in Judea, against which the prophetic speeches of Isaiah were directed (Is. 1:23,2:6–7,3:12). The date of Uzziah's reign in (2 Kings 15:1) does not agree with the testimony (2 Kings 14:17,23), according to which Joroboam II reigned simultaneously with Amaziah of Judah for only 15 years, and not 26–27; therefore, the son of Amaziah Uzziah could have reigned not in the 27th year of the reign of Jeroboam II, as it stands in (2 Kings 15:1), but earlier: in the 15–16th year of the reign of Jeroboam You might be interested in: