Глава 12

List of Canaanite kings defeated under Moses and Joshua. Joshua 12:1. These are the kings of the land whom the children of Israel smote, and whom they took as an inheritance on the other side of Jordan toward the east of the sun, from the brook Arnon to Mount Hermon, and all the plain eastward: The possessions of the East Jordanian kings, conquered by the Israelites, extended from the Arnon stream, which served as the southern border of the Amorite kingdom (Num. 21:13) to Mount Hermon, which makes up the southern protrusion of Anti-Lebanon and was still called Zion by the Israelites (Deut. 4:48). Under the entire plain to the east is meant the plain on the eastern side of the Jordan, currently called El-Gor. Joshua 12:2. Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived in Heshbon, ruled from Aroer, which is on the bank of the brook Arnon, and from the middle of the brook, half of Gilead, to the brook Jabbok, the border of the Ammonites, For Heshbon (Heshbon in Hebrew) see Numbers 21:25. The city of Aroer, which later belonged to the tribe of Reuben (Joshua 13:9,16), was located on the northern side of the Arnon stream, where ruins from it have been preserved, bearing the name Araar. "And from the middle of the stream". The last of these words in the Hebrew text corresponds to “gannahal”, which means not only “stream”, but also “valley”, or the so-called “wadi” among the inhabitants of Palestine, which serves as the bed of the stream in the rainy season and then dries up; this meaning is given to this word in the Greek-Slavic translation: κατὰ μέρος τῆς φάραγγος - “from the country of the wilds.” In this middle of the valley, as can be seen from Joshua 13:9,16, Deut.2:36 (where the same expression is used with the addition of the Hebrew “gair”, conveyed in the LXX by the word ἡ πόλις - “hail”), there was a city called Ar-Moab (Num. 21:15-28), which, together with Aroth, served as the designation of the southern border of the kingdom of Sihon. For the stream Jabbok, see Numbers 21:24. For the Sea of ​​Hinneroth, see Joshua 11:2. Joshua 12:3. and by the plain as far as the sea of ​​Hinnereth to the east, and to the sea of ​​the plain, the Salt Sea, to the east along the road to Beth-jeshimoth, and to the south in places lying at the foot of Pisgah; The city of Beth Jeshimoth was located on the eastern side of the northern end of the “sea of ​​the plain”, i.e. Dead; according to Eusebius, Βηθασυμουθ, as it is called here, was located from Jericho at a distance of 10 Roman miles (about 14 versts); its place is indicated in the ruins of Suveme. To the south of it rises Mount Pisgah. Joshua 12:4. neighboring Og, king of Bashan, the last of the Rephaim, who lived in Astaroth and Edrei, For Astaroth, see Gen. 14:5, where he is called Asteroth-Karnaim. Edrea, according to Eusebius (Αδραα), was located 6 Roman miles from Astarof; its place is indicated to the southeast of Astarof in present-day Deraat with significant ruins. Joshua 12:5. who owned Mount Hermon and Salcha and all Bashan, to the border of Geshur and Maah, and half of Gilead, to the border of Sihon king of Heshbon. Salkha, in the Greek lists Σεκχαι, Σελχα. Selkha, now Selhad, is 4–5 hours east of Bosra in Hauran. Bashan was the name given to the northern part of the East Jordanian country or Gilead, stretching from south to north from the stream of Jabbok (Deut. 3:15) to Hermon, namely “to the border of Geshur and Maah,” by which are meant the areas on the eastern and western sides of Hermon (Raumer. Palastina), and from east to west from Salkha (Deut. 3:10) to Sea of Hinneroth (Joshua 13:27), i.e. Lake Gennesaret. Joshua 12:7. And behold, the kings of the [Amorite] land whom Joshua and the children of Israel smote on this side Jordan to the west, from Baal-Gad in the valley of Lebanon to Halak, the mountain stretching toward Seir, which Joshua gave to the tribes of Israel for an inheritance after their division, Joshua 12:8. on the mountain, in the low places, in the plain, in the places on the mountains, and in the wilderness, and in the south, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites: See Joshua 11:17,9:1,10:40. Joshua 12:9. one king of Jericho, one king of Ai, which is near Bethel, Joshua 12:10. one king of Jerusalem, one king of Hebron, Joshua 12:11. one king of Jarmuth, one king of Lachish, Joshua 12:12. one king of Eglon, one king of Gezer, Joshua 12:13. one king of Debir, one king of Gader, Joshua 12:14. one king of Hormah, one king of Arad, The defeat of the three kings named here - Gader, Hormah and Arad - was not previously mentioned by the biblical writer, cf. Note on Joshua 11:21–23 regarding the incompleteness of the narrative of Joshua's conquests. The location of Gader has not been determined with certainty. Hormah (in the Greek lists Ἐρμαθ, Ἐρμα), which bore the name Zephat among the Canaanites (Judges 1:17), was in the inheritance of the tribe of Judah (Joshua 15:30), but then belonged to Simeon (Joshua 19:4). According to research (especially by Palmer), it was located on the site of the extensive ruins of Sebait in the southern part of Palestine, on the western side of the Azazim mountains, 30 versts north of Kadesh-Barnea (Joshua 10:41). About Arad - Explanatory Bible, vol. I, 244-245. Joshua 12:15. one king of Libnah, one king of Adollam, Adollam, according to Joshua 15:35, was in the inheritance of the tribe of Judah, precisely in the plain (Joshua 15:33), therefore, to the west of the mountains of this tribe, where Lachish (Joshua 15:39) and Maked (Joshua 15:41) were located. In the First (1 Samuel 22:1) and Second (2 Samuel 23:13) books of Kings, the peculiarity of the city or area that bore the same name was reported that here was the Adullam cave, in which David hid after his flight from the king of Gath and during the persecution by Saul. Such biblical instructions correspond to the village of Deir Dubban, 2 hours away from Eleutheropolis (Joshua 10:29), near which in the limestone mountains there are many caves that could have served as a refuge for David when he retired from Gath, which was not far from this area (Joshua 11:22). This idea of ​​the place of Adollam, named in this place, is, however, questioned by some due to the fact that in the indicated place of the 2nd book of Kings the Adollam cave appears to be located not far from Bethlehem. Two hours' journey from the latter, in the village and valley of Khareytun, there is indeed a whole series of caves connected by passages. At the site of these Khareitun caves, some indicate Adollam, named in the book of Joshua. In Russian literature, the idea of ​​the Adollam Cave as being located near Bethlehem was accepted by Prof. A.A. Olesnitsky 111. The prevailing view, however, among researchers of the biblical geography of Palestine remains that the city of Adollam, according to Joshua 15:35, was located on the Shephelah plain, on the western side of the Judah Mountains. Joshua 12:16. one king of Makeda, one king of Bethel, For Makedah and Bethel, see Joshua 8:17,10:10. Joshua 12:17. one king of Tappuah, one king of Hephera. The victory over the kings of the cities named here is not mentioned in Nav. 10 and Nav. 11, and the locations of the cities are not determined with precision. About Tappuach (in the Greek lists Ταφουγ, Απφου) it is known only from Joshua 15:34–35 that it was located in the plain, west of the mountains of Judah, in the area where Jarmuth was located (Joshua 10:5). Hepher (in Greek lists (Οφερ) is found only in 1 Kings 4:10, where the land Hepher is named next to Coxo, which was in the tribe of Judah (Joshua 15:35). Joshua 12:18. One king of Aphek, one king of Sharon, Cities with the name Afek, meaning “fortress,” are mentioned repeatedly in other places in the book. Joshua and other Old Testament books (Joshua 13:4,15:53,19:30; Judges 1:31; 1 Samuel 4:1,29:1), but which of these cities of the same name is understood in this place in the book. Joshua and where he was remains unclear. Sharon 112 (in Hebrew Lashsharon 113 in some of the later Greek lists Λεσαρον) is no longer mentioned in the sacred books, and its place is unknown. Joshua 12:19. one king Madon, one king Hazor, Joshua 12:20. one king of Shimron-Meron, one king of Ahsaf, Joshua 12:21. one king of Taanach, one king of Megiddon, Taanach was in the inheritance of the tribe of Issachar, but belonged to Manasseh (Joshua 17:11); it was located on the site of the present village of Taanuk in the Jezreel Plain. Megiddon, according to the Hebrew text Megiddo, in the Greek lists Μεγιδδων, was also in the inheritance of the tribe of Issachar, but belonged to Manasseh (Joshua 17:11). It was located near Taanach, as indicated by the repeated mention of it next to the latter (Judges 5:19, 1 Kings 4:12, etc.). Its location is indicated north of Taanakh in the place of ruins located on two hills called Ledshun. Some (Conder), however, indicate the place of Megiddo to Medshedd, near Beth-san, significantly east of the Jezreel Plain, which is considered less probable. Joshua 12:22. one king of Kedesh, one king of Jokneam at Carmel, Kedes, which later belonged to the tribe of Naphtali (Joshua 19:37), in contrast to other cities that bore the same name, was called Kedes in Galilee. It was located west of Lake Merom. The small village existing in its place with the remains of antiquity, between which the tomb of Barak is indicated (Judges 4:6), has still retained its ancient name. Iokneam under Carmel (according to the Greek lists Ἰεκοναμ τοῦ Χερμελ, in the Slavic Bible Iekonam Hermel) was in the inheritance of the tribe of Zebulun (Joshua 21:34) and was located by the stream (Joshua 19:11). Its place is recognized as Tell el-Kemun, as the high hill covered with ruins is called on the southeastern side of Carmel, near the stream Kishon. Joshua 12:23. one king of Dor under Naphath-dor, one king of Goim in Gilgal, For Dora under Naphath-Dora, see the commentary on Joshua 11:2. The place of Galgal named here, as the name is read in the Hebrew text, is indicated in the present village of Galgulis, which, according to Eusebius, was located 6 Roman miles north of Antipatris in the Saronic plain. The fact that in the ancient Vatican list this name Galgal is rendered by the word Γαλιλαίας 114 - “Galilee” does not shake the correctness of the name given here by the Hebrew text in view of the fact that the latter is in most Greek lists, as well as in the translation of Blessed Jerome (rex gentrum Galgal - “king of the nations Galgal”). The evidence of the Greek lists is important here in the sense that it confirms the understanding of the Hebrew word “goyim” (meaning as a common noun “peoples”) as the proper name that this king bore. Joshua 12:24. one king of Tirzah. There are thirty-one kings. The location of Tirzah (in Greek lists Θαρσα), the former capital of Jeroboam, whose name means “beauty,” is unknown with certainty; For the most part, its location is recognized as the current village of Talluza, 2 hours northeast of Nablus, distinguished by its beautiful location 115. According to the Vatican and Alexandrian lists, the number of all the slain kings, instead of 31, as in the Hebrew text, reads 29, which happened because king Makeda (Joshua 12:16) and the king of Sharon (Joshua 12:18) are not mentioned in these lists; the number 29 (tsl. kf) was in the ancient Slavic translation 116. In later Greek lists and editions based on them (Complutensian and Aldinsky), with which the current Slavic translation is consistent, the number 29 is changed to 31 in accordance with the Hebrew text. This name of the city was adopted in accordance, as one might think, with the translation of Blessed Jerome: rex Saron unus. The Hebrew name Lashsharon, beginning with the syllable “la”, meaning “k,” arouses suspicion among Hebraists, the resolution of which they find in the corresponding reading of the Vatican list βασιλέια Αφεκ τῆς Αρωκ, with the help of the latter they correct the current reading of the Hebrew text and “Lashsharon” is recognized as a word composed of “la” - “k” and “sharon”, as the plain of Saron was called. Thus, Joshua 12 takes on the meaning “king Aphek in Sharon” (Dillmann). According to the Vatican list, the 2nd half of Nav. 12 reads βασιλέια Γεὲι τῆς Γαλειλαίας; according to Alexandrian - Γωείμ Γεγεα. Prof. Olesnitsky does not recognize the identification of Tirzah with Talluza as correct; according to his assumption, the capital of Jeroboam was located on the site of the present Herbet Tibne (“Holy Land”, II, 325–327). For Herbet Tibneh, see Joshua 19:50. You might be interested in: