Глава 24

1–4. About oil and 6–10. of the showbread in the sanctuary. 10–14 and 23. Stoning of a blasphemer of Jehovah. 15–22. Decrees on retribution for various criminal offenses. Lev.24:1. And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying: Lev.24:2. command the children of Israel to bring you pure oil, beaten, for illumination, so that the lamp may continually burn; Lev.24:3. outside the veil of the ark of the testimony in the tabernacle of meeting, Aaron [and his sons] shall set it up before the Lord from evening to morning always: this is an everlasting statute throughout your generations; Lev.24:4. They must always set up their lamp on a clean candlestick before the Lord. The rule given earlier (Exodus 27.20–21) is repeated about lighting in the sanctuary on a deliberately arranged lamp (Exodus 25.31–39) the purest “beaten” (katit, i.e., extracted with special care from fresh olive berries) oil. The fulfillment of this injunction is spoken of in Numbers 8.1–4. Lev.24:5. And take some wheat flour and bake twelve loaves of it; in each loaf there shall be two tenths of an ephah; Lev.24:6. and place them in two rows, six in a row, on a clean table before the Lord; Lev.24:7. And put on [each] row pure frankincense [and salt], and it will be with the bread, as a memorial, as a sacrifice to the Lord; Lev.24:8. on every Sabbath day the children of Israel must continually set them before the Lord: this is an everlasting covenant; Lev.24:9. they shall belong to Aaron and his sons, who shall eat them in the holy place, for it is a great sanctuary unto them of the sacrifices of the Lord: it is an everlasting statute. “Shewbread or from the Hebrew “bread of face,” i.e., the presence of God (cf. Ex. 25:30, 35:13, 39:36). There were 12 of them, they were placed in 2 rows (according to legend, one on top of the other, six in each). The weight of each loaf is determined to be 2/10 of an ephah, i.e. (since an ephah was approximately 30 pounds) about 6 pounds, Lev.24:5-6. The loaves were not burned, but only lay for a whole week from Saturday to Saturday at the offering table, but their sacrificial value was represented by the incense placed on them. On the 7th day, the loaves (which were like a bloodless sacrifice, cf. Lev.2.2, azkarah) were removed, replaced by new ones, and went into the food of the priests, and the incense was burned, Lev.24:9. The priests ate the showbread as a great shrine, their consumption by the laity was prohibited - the famous case of David and his companions eating these breads under the high priest Ahimelech was an exceptional case. Lev.24:10. And the son of an Israelite woman, born of an Egyptian, went out to the children of Israel, and the son of the Israelite woman quarreled in the camp with the Israelite; Lev.24:11. The son of the Israelite blasphemed the name [of the Lord] and spoke evil. And they brought him to Moses [the name of his mother was Salomith, daughter of Davriin, from the tribe of Dan]; Lev.24:12. and they put him in custody until the will of the Lord was declared to them. Lev.24:13. And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying: Lev.24:14. Bring the one who slandered out of the camp, and let all who hear put their hands on his head, and the whole congregation stone him; and Lev.24:23. It tells about a rare and mysterious case of blasphemy against Jehovah from, however, not a purebred Jew, but a descendant of an Egyptian (according to tradition, once killed by Moses in Egypt, Exodus 2.12), who married a Jewish woman. A personal quarrel with a Jew somehow prompted him to blaspheme the name of Jehovah. The Chaldean Targum renders Heb. naqab (Lev.24:11) in the sense of parasch – clearly pronounced, LXX: ἐπονομάσας, – according to the later Jewish concept of the unpronounceable name (shem, hasschem) of Jehovah. But in this place it is said, without a doubt, not about the simple pronunciation of the “name” (i.e. Jehovah), but about slander (synonymous with the verb: qalal - to curse), cf. Lev.24:14, 15, 16. “The law on blasphemy has not yet been written. Therefore, Moses ordered the captured man to be thrown into prison, and the next day he asked the Lord God what the wicked should endure” (Blessed Theodoret, question 33). If he who slandered his father or mother was put to death (Exodus 21:17), then all the more should he be stoned, and precisely in front of witnesses to the crime, the blasphemer of the name of Jehovah (cf. Lev.24:23). Stoning could only be carried out outside the camp, since the death penalty was generally not carried out at the court site or on a crowded street. The laying of the hands of witnesses on the head of the executed person expressed their non-involvement in his crime and, as it were, a sacrificial cleansing of the entire society by the death of the criminal from the wrath of Jehovah. Jewish tradition required witnesses of blasphemy against God to tear their clothes (cf. Mt 26.65), and for judges to lay hands on the head of the criminal with the words: dimcha beroschcha (“your blood is on your head”). Lev.24:15. and say to the children of Israel: Whoever curses his God will bear his sin; Lev.24:16. and the blasphemer of the name of the Lord must die, the whole community will stone him: whether a stranger or a native blasphemes the name [of the Lord], he will be put to death. Regarding the case of the son of an Egyptian and an Israelitish woman, a general law on blasphemy is given, like other laws (some of them are given here), obligatory equally for both Jews and aliens. Jewish tradition and blessed. Theodoret (question 33), based on the difference in the expressions of Lev. 24:15, 16 about guilt and punishment - in Lev. 24:15 about blasphemy against God, Elohim, and in Lev. 24:16 - about blasphemy against the name of Jehovah, and in the 1st case the criminal is only said to bear his sin, and in the 2nd the stoning of him is directly prescribed. society - believed that blasphemy against the common name “god” (which could also mean a pagan god) was punishable only with blows, but not death, while cursing the name of Jehovah was certainly punishable by death: a distinction, however, is hardly necessary required by the biblical text. Lev.24:17. Whoever kills any person will be put to death. Lev.24:18. Whoever kills an animal must pay for it, animal for animal. Lev.24:19. Whoever hurts his neighbor's body must do the same as he did: Lev.24:20. fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth; just as he made damage to a person’s body, so should he do it. Lev.24:21. Whoever kills an animal must pay for it; and whoever kills a person must be put to death. Lev.24:22. You shall have one judgment, both for the stranger and for the native; for I am the Lord your God. In connection with the law on slander and blasphemy against Jehovah, regulations are repeated (Ex. 21:1 – 22:1) on strictly adequate retribution (jus talionis) for the murder of a person (Lev. 24:17, 21b, see Ex. 21.12; Deut. 19.21), for self-mutilation of one’s neighbor (Lev. 24:19-20), for killing his livestock (Lev.24:18, 21a), and again (cf. Lev.24:16) the binding nature of these decrees is confirmed for both Jews and aliens. You might be interested in: