Период второй. Отделение первое (312–420 г.). § 96. Знаменитости четвертого века.

The fourth century of Christianity was an extraordinary century, unique in a series of Christian centuries; This is a luminous age both in number and in the greatness of the luminaries of the Church. Throughout this time, works have been written on all branches of Christian knowledge, and the Ecumenical Church recognizes the patristic works of this century, primarily as models for subsequent centuries, calling in particular some of the saints. the fathers of this age as universal teachers. Even the most demanding person, irreverent of the dignity of St. Fathers' criticism does not deny the patristic works of the fourth century the honor of being exemplary for subsequent centuries; their dignity is so undeniably high! The coming centuries, the fifth and sixth, are famous for their teachers: but these teachers were only imitators and disciples of the godly men of the 4th century, and the great age, the golden age of Christian enlightenment, never returned for the Church. What St. were Chrysostom, the prophet of Syria, Jerome for the interpretation of the Holy Scriptures; what the Theologian of Nazianza, Basil the Great, Athanasius of Alexandria, and Cyril of Jerusalem were for the exposition of dogmas, the subsequent teachers of the Church were not. Macarius and Anthony, the fathers of the desert, Basil the Great, both in the desert and in the pulpit, combined in their spiritual and moral instructions the experience of mature spiritual age with the sublimity and depth of thought that is amazing. And there is no need to talk about the prosperity of spiritual development in the fourth century. The sheer number of greats of the fourth century is astonishing. Meanwhile, in the same century there were still many teachers of the Church, although they did not achieve the honor of the Fathers of the Church, but who deserve attention due to their education and influence on the affairs of the Church! 1 These are: a) Eusebius Pamphilus, friend of the martyr. Pamphilus, from 315, Bishop of Caesarea, who subscribed to the symbol of Nicea, and then, due to weakness of character, took part in the affairs of the Arians (in 331 and 336), but did not change Orthodox thoughts, died in 340. His works: aa) apologetic: Preparations for the Gospel in 15 books, ed. Viger Paris 1628 Lips. 1688; Against Hierocles (ed. Morelli Catal. 1688; nov. ed. graec. lat. Oxonii 1842); Evidence in favor of the Gospel (ed. Paris 1648 Coloniae 1688; addition by Fabricius: de verit. rel. Christ. Hamb. 1725); Extracts from the Prophets of Christ, ed. Oxonii 1842. bb) Historical: Ecclesiastical History in 10 books, and the Life of Constantine (ed. Valesius Amstelod. 1695, Reiding Lips. 1729 and 1769 Venet. Zimmerman 1822 Francof.); Chronicle (ed. Angelo Maio Vet. script. nov. Coll. T. 7. Romae 1832); On the Martyrs, a work preserved in the Syriac translation (Assemani Acta Martyrum orient. et occid. Romae 1784. Zingerle Acten d. Märtyrer); cc) exegetical: Indices harm. Evangeliorum (Millii N. Testam. Lips. 1723); about the Gospel answers to Stefan and Marin, interpretation. on the Gospel of Luke (ed. Maio in 1 T. nov. Coll. Vet. Auct. Romae 1831); sense on the Song of Songs (ed. Meurs. Lugd. Batav.); on the Psalms and Isaiah (Montfauc. Coll. vet. auct. T. 1. 2. Paris. 1705); gg) polemical-dogmatic: Lib. 2 cont. Marcellum, lib. 3 de Ecclesiast. theologia (ed. Morelli Coloniae 1688). Sl. Ritter: Eusebii placita de divinitate Christi. Bonnae. 1823. b) John, presbyter of Nicomedia, who described the suffering of St. Basil, Bishop of Amasia, whom he visited in prison (Acta SS. ad 26 april. E. M.). c) Arnovius, orator († 326), who left an apology: Apologia Hamb. 1610 Lugd. Batavor. 1651. Lipsiae 1816. d) Lucius Firmian Lactantius, African, taught rhetoric in Nicomedia; in 317, by the will of Constantine, he taught Crispus; for his eloquence he was nicknamed the Christian Cicero; died in 325. His works (Instit. divinae; de ​​opificio Dei; de ira Dei; de mort. persecutorum) were published by Le Brun Viceburg. 1783 84. Bisponti. 1786 e) Agathangel, secretary of the Armenian king Tiridite, wrote a history of the enlightenment of Armenia with Christianity, published in Armenian in 1709 in Constantinople; and Zinovy, abbot of the Klaensky monastery, somewhat later wrote a history of his time, published in Armenian in Constantinople. Agafangelovo description. life of St. Gregory the Illuminator of Armenia in Actis Sanct. ad 30 sept. f) Firmicus Maternus, a Sicilian who converted to the holy faith in old age († 340), author of a very learned book: De erroribus profanarum religionum, Hafniae 1826, in Migne Patr. lat. XII, 971–1050. g) Guy Juvenc, Spanish presbyter, Christian poet († 336). His gospel history, in 4 books, in verse, and a book on Genesis, ed. a Reuschio Lips. 1710 ab Arevalo Romae 1792, in 4 tomo Biblioth. Gallandi. d) Eusebius of Emesa, born in Edessa, received an excellent secular education; listened to philosophy in Alexandria, interpretation of Scripture from Eusebius of Caesarea and in Antioch from Bishop Flaquillas; in 341 he did not accept the See of Alexandria and was consecrated Bishop of Emesa, but retired to Laodicea, then lived in Emesa; died in 360. Socrates (2–9) and Sozomen (3–6) say about him: “and he was accused of arguing according to Sabellius.” This accusation is, without a doubt, slander; but not without reason Jerome accused him of being a semi-Arian. Of his many works (Jerome De vir. illustr. 91), little has reached us. Eusebii Emesini opuscula ed. Augusti 1829, but the words here published belong to Eusebius of Alexandria. D. Schriften. Eusebius Alexandr. and Eusebius v. Emesa, Thilo Halle 1832. He owns two treatises on faith, published by Sirmond (Paris 1643) under the name of Eusebius of Caesarea. The work against the Jews (Jerome De vir. III, 91), known in Syriac, remains in manuscript. Assem. V.Or. T. 3. r. 44. i) Victorinus, an African, a famous pagan orator and philosopher almost until old age, then a zealous Christian. Died 370. Wrote 4 books about the Trinity, book. about birth Son of God against the Arians, Op. about the Manichaeans (ed. in M. Bibl. Patr. T. 4. in 8. T. Bibl. Holland.), interpret. on Last ap. Paul (ed. Maio in nov. coll. vet. auct. 1837. T. 2). j) Titus, Bishop of Botsra, exile under Julian († 372). He wrote against the Manichaeans and an interpretation of the Gospel (ed. in Canisii lection. T. I. Gollandi Bibl. Migne Patr. T. 18). j) Biographers: 1) The suffering of St. Theodoret, Bishop of Antioch († 362), described by an eyewitness Ruinarti 3, 354. M. 9 March. 2) The suffering of St. Basil, Bishop of Ancyra († 362), described by eyewitnesses (Act. Sanct. ad 22 March. Ruin. 3, 740). 3) The sufferings of Manuel, Savel and Ishmael († 362), described by a contemporary, “as notes are conveyed” (Act. SS. 17 junii). 4) The life of Paul of Thebes († 341), described from the words of St. Antonia (Act. SS. ad 10 jann.). 5) The life of Pachomius the Great († 348), described by an unknown person who says: “although I did not see this man during his lifetime, I know his contemporaries... who conveyed the details known to them” (Acta Sanct. ad 14 maii). 6) On the martyrdom of Savva of Goth († 372) message of the Gothic Church (Ruinart. 3, 383). k) Damasus, Bishop of Rome († 384). His statement of faith, known to Augustine (Serm. 129 de temp.) and Theodoret (N. E. 5, 11), is remarkable. Hahn has a new edition of it (Biblioth. d. Symbolen. S. 379–384). His seven letters are published int. roman. pontif. epist. Gottingae 1796. His poems, along with other works, were published by Verenda: Op. Damasi, Romae, 1754. m) Diodorus, who studied verbal sciences in Athens, and the interpretation of St. Scriptures from Silouan, Bishop of Tara, a strict monk, under Constantius, defender of Orthodoxy, under Julian, denouncer of paganism. When in 374 St. Meletius was sent into captivity, the presbyter Diodorus tirelessly instructed the orphaned flock and in 379 he was ordained bishop of Tarsk (Theodore 2, 19, 22. Fakund 4, 2. Sozomen 3, 20. Theodoret N. E. 5, 22. Philothea p. 28). He was present at the Ecumenical Council of 381 and died around 393 (Theodoret 6, 27; Jerome De vir. illustr. 119). St. Chrysostom spoke a word of praise to him (T. 3. p. 348). From the many works of his theological, philosophical, interpretations of everything Holy. The Scriptures listed by Svida and Jerome are now known from the passages. on Genesis (in Theodore. Quaest. 20 et 21 in Genesin), from interpretations. on other books (in the Catenas), from 8 books against fate and from writings on the Holy Spirit (in Photius Bibl. Cod. 122–102), from books against Apollinaris (in Leontius De sect. Libr. 3). The last two works (for others, see Assemani Bibl. Or. T. 3. R. 1. p. 28. Fabr. Bibl. 9. 278) during disputes with Nestorius, brought charges against Diodorus, as against Nestorius’s predecessor. This circumstance cast a shadow on Diodorus, incompatible with the luminous significance of the father of the Church. m) Philastrius, Bishop of Brixia, ardent accuser of the Arians († 392). He left the “Book of Heresies” (ed. int. Op. Quirini Brixiae 1738, in Migne Patr. lat. T. 12). o) Nemesius, prefect of Cappadocia, to whom St. wrote. Grigory Naz. (br. 79. 183–185), then Bishop of Emesa. Wrote “On the Nature of Man” (ed. in Ducdi Auct. Paris. 1624). o) Didymus, blind since the age of 4, with knowledge of grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, geography, astronomy, in the Holy Scriptures. Scripture - a miracle of the century, a strict ascetic, saw through the disastrous death of Julian and died in 395 (Palladius in the 4th book of Lavsaik; Sozomen 3, 15; 6, 2; Jerome De vir. illustr. 109; Rufinus 2, 7); wrote among other things: Explanation of the Council. last (Colon. 1531–8; Lücke quaestiones ac vindiciae Didymianae Gott. 1829–1832. 4 P.); on the Holy Trinity (ed. Mingarelii, Bonon. 1769); about the Holy Spirit (Colon. 1531, Helmstad. 1614); against the Manichaeans (ed. Combefis. auct novis. T. 2, 1672; Galland. Bibl. Patr. T. 6; the latter, like Min, collected all other works). Didymus was criticized for his respect for Origen (Jerome Adv. Rufin. 2. p. 409; 3. p. 463). p) Timothy, from 379 the successor of his brother Peter at the see of Alexandria; the same dispositions as his brother, against St. Gregory the Theologian. His canonical answers are in Balsamon, in the Bevergiev Pandects and in the book of rules; letter to Diodorus Tarski in Fakunda 4, 2, ed. in 7 tons. Galland. librarian Strad. martyr Mines in the RKP. (Fabr. Bibl. 6, 549). In the Armenian translation of the 5th century. preserved: life of St. Afanasia; two words about the Blessed Virgin (Neuman. Gesch. d. Armen. Litt. S. 77. c) Vigilius, Bishop of Trent († 402), who wrote two letters about the torment of Sisinius and others (ed. by Ruipart Act. Mart. 3. in Gallandi Bibl. T. 6). r) Iraklid, skete monk, Bishop of Ephesus from 402, who lost his see in 408 along with Chrysostom. He wrote “Paradise”, which formed part of Lavsaik Palladiev (Patr. lat. tom. 74). y) Evagrius, Pontic, disciple of St. Gregory the Theologian, dedicated by him as a reader, and St. Vasily as a deacon; fleeing slander, he retired to Jerusalem, and in the Nitrian desert, under both Macarii, he spent an ascetic life; listened to Didymus; refused the bishopric and died in 406. The husband was very learned and strict in life, he wrote a lot of useful things; but lost much in the opinion of many for his respect for Origen. His famous works: a) The Monk or about the active life; b) monastic affairs; c) two essays on eight evil thoughts and an essay on virtues; d) spiritual thoughts in alphabetical order; e) more spiritual thoughts; f) instructions to monks; g) thoughts for those living in the hostel; h) thoughts for virgins. All these works were published by Galland in VII tomo Bibl. Patr. Sl. Fabric. Bibl. Graec. IX. 284–286. Much more has been preserved in the Syrian and Armenian translations than in the original. Theodore of Edessa put a lot into 100 chapters. his own from his essay: “The guilt of the monk. actions" (Neumans Gesch. S. 86. Assem. Bibl. Or. T. 3. f. S. p. 45. Maii collect, auct. 4, 200). f) Philo, from 401 Bishop of Carpaphia (Caprasia), on the island of Crete, assistant to St. Epiphany on governance († 410). He wrote an interpretation on the Song of Songs (ed. Ciampi Romae 1792), which was used by Procopius of Gaza (Maii Class. auct. T. 9.). x) Severian, Bishop of Gaval, who overshadowed himself with intrigues against Chrysostom, but was quite a skilled orator († 415). His, a) Six words about the creation of the world, known from the Shestodnev of the Exarch of Bolgarsk. ed. in Combefis. Auctar. 1, 20. Paris. 1672 int. Op. Chrysost. T. 6; b) 88 of his words are in manuscript; of which six were published in 8 and 12 volumes of Chrysostom's works, including the word about the cross, known from fame. RKP. Blush. music p. 538. Fifteen of his words, preserved in the Armenian translation, were printed with the Latin translation of Venetiis 1827. c) in the set of commentaries on Isaiah, Severian’s interpretations are given according to the Greek RKP. (Fabric. Bibl.) and according to Slavic (Muz. Rumyants. p. 33). c) Nektarios, Patriarch of Constantinople since 382, ​​is known from the story of the miracle of the martyr. Theodora. (Patr. T. 65.) h) Chromatius, Bishop of Aquileia († 412), who left 83 discourses on the Gospel of Matthew (ed. in Gallandi Bibl. T. 8). x) Rufinus, an Italian from Aquileia, who lived for six years in the Nitrian desert and listened to Didymus, from 378 he labored on the Mount of Olives, in 397 he returned to the West, where he published his translation of Origen’s works and the Apology against Jerome († 410) His best works: Church history (ed. Romae 1740); life of the desert fathers (ed. a Rosweido, Antwerpiae l615); other works of his ed. De la Barre, Paris 1580; Valerius, Veronae 1745). y) Ammon, then, as an Alexandrian monk, under the archbishop. Petre († 384), described the beating of St. fathers in Sinai and Raifa (Combefis. Triumphus martyrum Par. 1660. ChM. Jan. 14). While a bishop, in a letter to Theophilus of Alexandria he described the life of St. Theodora, deceased 368 Act. SS. ad 14 maii). b) Gregory, Abba of Cyprus, mentor of St. Epiphany; left 10 ascetic words and 3 messages in the Syriac language, preserved in the RKP. Vatican (Assem. Oriental. Bibl. § 39. 381). s) Quiet, African, a highly educated contemporary of Rufinus († 416). (Septem regulae ad investig. S. Scripturae intelligentiam, in Gallandi Bibl. T. 8). b) Prudentius, Spaniard († 448); wrote poems about martyrs, etc. (Opera a ed. Hanov. 1613, Par. 1687, Romae 1788). e) Theophilus, Bishop of Alexandria, who became notorious for his hatred of St. Chrysostom († 442). Wrote several Easter letters and several others, among them two against the Origenists. Its rules are written by Beverage in pandects and in the book of rules, St. Petersburg. 1843 Everything collected from Min (in Patr. T. 65). u) Theodore, from 392 Bishop of Mopsuestia, together with Chrysostom, listened to science from Diodorus and Carterius († 428), strictly following the letter of Scripture in interpretation (Comment. in Prophetas minores ed. a Maio in 6 T. nov. collect. vet. auct. p. 1–298 a Wegnern. Berolini 1834. Fragm. comm. in Hexaemeron, in Cant. a Muntero in fragm. 1788. comm. 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